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OTHE

PROGRESSIVE

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC,

CONTAINING

THE THEORY OF NUMBERS, IN CONNECTION WITH CONCISE ANALYTIC

AND SYNTHETIC METHODS OF SOLUTION, AND DESIGNED

AS A COMPLETE TEXT-BOOK ON THIS SCIENCE,

FOR

COMMON SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.

BY

HORATIO N. ROBINSON, LL. D.,

AUTHOR OF A WORK ON ALGEBRA, GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY, SURVEYING AND
NAVIGATION, ASTRONOMY, DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS, ETC.

NEW YORK:

IVISON & PHINNEY, 48 & 50 WALKER ST.

CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO.

CINCINNATI: MOORE, WILSTACH, KEYS & CO.

PHILADELPHIA: SOWER, BARNES & CO.

BOSTON: BROWN, TAGGARD AND CHASE. ST. LOUIS: KEITH AND WOODS.

NEW ORLEANS: BLOOMFIELD, STEELE & CO. BUFFALO: PHINNEY & CO.

1859.

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Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by

HORATIO N. ROBINSON, LL. D.,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of New York.

ELECTROTYPED AT THE
BOSTON STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY.

PREFACE.

PROGRESS and improvement characterize almost every art and science; and within the last few years the science of Arithmetic has received many important additions and improvements, which have appeared from time to time successively in the different treatises published upon this subject.

In the preparation of this work it has been the author's aim to combine, and to present in one harmonious whole, all these modern improvements, as well as to introduce some new methods and practical operations not found in other works of the same grade; in short, to present the subject of Arithmetic to the pupil more as a science than an art to teach him methods of thought, and how to reason, rather than what to do; to give unity, system, and practical utility to the science and art of computation.

The author believes that both teacher and pupil should have the privilege, as well as the benefit, of performing at least a part of the thinking and the labor necessary to the study of Arithmetic; hence the present work has not been encumbered with the multiplicity of "notes," "suggestions," and superfluous operations so common to most Practical Arithmetics of the present day, and which prevent the cultivation of that self-reliance, that clearness of thought, and that vigor of intellect, which always characterize the truly educated mind. The author claims for this treatise improvement upon, if not superiority over, others of the kind in the following particulars, viz.: In the mechanical and typographical style of the work; the open and attractive page; the progressive and scientific arrangement of the subjects; clearness and conciseness of definitions; fullness and accuracy in the new and improved methods of operations and analyses; brevity and perspicuity of rules; and in the very large number of

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