l'un ou l'autre parti, either party. ni l'un ni l'autre parti, neither party. Nous autres Français. We Frenchmen! (emphatic). tout homme, every man. toute créature, every creature. tout le monde, everybody. toute la ville, the whole town. tous les hommes, all men. toutes les occasions, all opportunities. m. plusieurs incidents, several incidents. f. plusieurs fois, several times. Un tel éclat, such an uproar. une telle vie, such a life. de tels actes, such acts. de telles actions, such actions. Nul usage, no custom. nulle part, nowhere. (2) Substantively. none of l'autre, the other. un autre, another. Both are here. All of them. les autres, the others; d'autres, others. l'un et l'autre sont ici. les uns et les autres. l'un ou l'autre, either. ni l'un ni l'autre, neither. Vous autres! You fellow's! Le bien d'autrui (not used as Subject Other people's property. Quelqu'un (personne) m'a-t-il de- Has any one inquired after me? mandé ? Voulez-vous des citrons (oranges) ?— Donnez-m'en quelques-uns (quelques-unes). Rien n'est plus nécessaire. Il ne fait rien du tout. Cela ne fait rien. Y a-t-il rien de si beau? Do you want lemons (oranges) ?— Give me a few. Nothing is more necessary. Who reproaches you with anything? Protégez-le contre quiconque l'atta- Protect him against whosoever shall quera. Qui que ce soit qui ait fait cela. Je n'y ai trouvé qui que ce soit. Quoi (=quelque chose) que vous fassiez. attack him. Whoever he be that has done that. I did not find anybody. Whatever you do. THIRD CHAPTER. THE VERB. 38 INTRODUCTORY :— I. The classification of French Verbs is on the whole the same as that of (a) Meaning-Transitive and Intransitive Verbs; (b) Voice-the Active (transit. and intransit.) and Passive (transit. Verbs only); (c) Power of inflection A. FINITE FORMS, which may be inflected according to (1) Moods—the Indicative, the Conditional, the Subjunctive, the Imperative; B. INFINITE FORMS, which have no personal inflections : (1) The Infinitive or Verbal Noun; and (2) The Participles or Verbal Adjectives (which can only be inflected like Adjectives). II. Verbs in French are divided according to their Infinitive-ending into four Conjugations: as, 1st Conjugation: Verbs ending in -ER, as- PARL -ER, 2d Conjugation: 3d Conjugation: 4th Conjugation: Stem. Infinitive- to speak. as FIN -IR, to finish. The Stem of any Regular Verb is found by cutting off its Infinitive-ending. III. In order fully to conjugate a Verb in French it is necessary to know— (a) Its Principal Parts, which are (1) Infinitive, (2) Pres. Part., (3) Pres. Indicative, (4) Preterite, (5) Past. Part., from which the other Moods and Tenses are derived; (b) The Inflections of the Conjugation to which it belongs; these vary more or less in respect of Mood, Tense, Number, and Person; (c) Its Auxiliary Verb, which may be avoir or être, for all Compound Tenses of the Active Voice; but always être for all Tenses of the Passive Voice, and all Compound Tenses of Reflexive Verbs. 39 Verbs in French are further divided according to their (a) Regular Verbs, the stem of which is never affected in the Conjugation (b) Irregular Verbs, the stem of which is altered in one or more of the Observations.-The 1st Conjugation (in -er) comprises more than 90 per cent of all French Verbs; they are all conjugated regularly, except -aller and envoyer, which are anomalous. On the whole it answers to the Latin first in -are-am-are er. The 2d Conjugation (in -ir) comprises about 350 verbs, conjugated either (a) regularly, as— punir, (b) irregularly, as- sentir, or (c) anomalously, as— mourir. Most of them are derived (1) either from Lat. inceptive (inchoative) verbs in -scere, as- fleurir; or (2) from the Lat. fourth in -ire, as - venir; Lat. venire. The power of coining new verbs is vested exclusively in the 1st and 2d conj.: as, (1) télégraphier, from télégraphe; (2) brunir, from the adj. brun.2 The 3d Conjugation (in -oir) comprises only few verbs; they answer to the Lat. third: as—recevoir; Lat. recipere (with the exception of five derived from the Lat. second in ere, as- devoir; Lat. debere); they are conjugated (1) irregularly, as- - recevoir, or (2) anomalously, as- pouvoir.--None regularly. The 4th Conjugation (in -re) comprises about 60 verbs, conjugated either (a) regularly, as— prendre, (b) irregularly, as- connaître, or (c) anomalously, as-faire (except a few derived from Lat. second, owing to the Lat. long ending having become short, as- mordre); they answer to the strong Latin third asrompre; Lat. rumpĕre. 1 The Tenses derived from the Preterite and Perf. Part. are always regularly formed. 2 Most new verbs in -ir are derived from adjectives. |