48. A farmer sold four loads of hay.

2007 pounds, the second 1963

The first weighed

pounds, the third

2585 pounds, the fourth 2614 pounds. How many pounds did the whole weigh?

49. If Abraham was born at the beginning of the year B.C. 1996, how many years from the date of his birth to the end of the year 1889?

50. An orchard contains 112 apple trees, and an equal number of pear trees; 56 peach trees, and an equal number of plum trees; and 19 cherry trees.

many trees are there in the orchard?

How

51. How many times does a clock strike from half past twelve o'clock at night to half past twelve o'clock at noon?

52. The area of Maine in square miles is 29,895, of New Hampshire 9005, of Vermont 9135, of Massachusetts 8040, of Rhode Island 1085, of Connecticut 4845. What is the area of New England in square miles?

53. The area of New York in square miles is 47,620, of Pennsylvania 44,985, of Virginia 40,125, of North

Carolina 48,580, of Ohio 40,760. What is the area of these five states in square miles?

54. The area of Illinois in square miles is 56,000, of Michigan 57,430, of Wisconsin 54,450, of Iowa 55,475,

of Missouri 68,735. What is the area of these five states in square miles?

55. The area of Texas in square miles is 262,290, of

California 155,980, of Dakota 147,700, of Montana

145,310, of New Mexico 122,460, of Arizona 112,920. Find their total area in square miles.

CHAPTER III.

SUBTRACTION.

40. What number must be added to four to make seven? What, then, will be left if 4 is taken from 7?

What number must be added to seven to make ten? What, then, will be left if 7 is taken from 10?

Copy the following set of numbers, and find what number must be added to each one in the upper row to make the number below the line. Write the required numbers in the empty places above the lines:

When you have done this, you will see that, since 7 and

10 make 17, 7 taken from 17 leaves 10; since 6 and 8 make 14, 6 taken from 14 leaves 8; so with each set of numbers.

41. In the following set, under each number in the lower row, write the number that must be added to it to make the upper number:

To 3 we have to add 6 to make 9, so we write 6 under the 3. To 4 we must add 8 to make 12, so we write 8 under the 4.

Now in finding what number must be added to 3 to make 9, we have really found what number will be left if 3 is taken from 9. In finding what number must be added to 4 to make 12, we have really found what number will remain if 4 is taken from 12.

42. The operation of finding the number that remains, when a smaller number is taken from a larger, is called subtraction. The result is called the remainder or difference.

43. The number which is to be subtracted is called the subtrahend; and the number which is to be diminished (that is, the number from which the subtraction is made), is called the minuend.

44. A dash is the sign of subtraction, and when placed between two numbers means that the first number is to be diminished by the second. It is called the minus sign. The expression 4-1-3 is read four minus one equals three.

45. Three dots.. are often used for the word therefore.

=

The expression 6+2 8, .. 8-62, is read six plus two equals eight, therefore eight minus six equals two.

Ex. 21. (Oral.)

1. What number with 5 makes 10?
What number with 3 makes 10?
What number with 2 makes 10?
What number with 4 makes 10?

2. What number taken from 10 leaves 2?
What number taken from 10 leaves 4?
What number taken from 10 leaves 3?
What number taken from 10 leaves 5?

3. 5 is one part of 12, what is the other?
8 is one part of 12, what is the other?
3 is one part of 12, what is the other?
7 is one part of 12, what is the other?
9 is one part of 12, what is the other?
6 is one part of 12, what is the other?
10 is one part of 12, what is the other?

4. What number taken from 12 leaves 11?

What number taken from 12 leaves 9?
What number taken from 12 leaves 5?
What number taken from 12 leaves 8?
What number taken from 12 leaves 2?
What number taken from 12 leaves 6?
What number taken from 12 leaves 7?
What number taken from 12 leaves 1?

10. Subtract by threes, from 100 to 1; from 102 to 0; by fours, from 101 to 1; from 102 to 2; from 103 to 3.

11. Subtract by fives, from 102 to 2; from 103 to 3; from 104 to 4 from 100 to 5.

t;

12. Subtract by sixes, from 103 to 1; from 104 to 2; from 105 to 3; from 100 to 4; from 102 to 6.

13. Subtract by sevens, from 106 to 1; from 100 to 2; from 101 to 3; from 102 to 4; from 103 to 5; from 104 to 6; from 105 to 7.

14. Subtract by eights, from 105 to 1; from 106 to 2; from 107 to 3; from 100 to 4; from 101 to 5; from 102 to 6; from 103 to 7; from 104 to 8.

15. Subtract by nines, from 100 to 1;

from 101 to 2;

from 102 to 3; from 103 to 4; from 104 to 5; from 105 to 6; from 106 to 7.