Under Polish Biography, we would mention the last kings of Poland; Alexander, in 1501; Sigismund I., 1507; Sigismund II., Augustus, 1548; Henry of Anjou, 1573; Stephen Balore, 1576; Sigismund III., 1587; Vladislaus VI., 1632; John II., Casimir, 1648; Michael, 1669; John III., Sobieski, 1674; Augustus II., 1697; Frederick Augustus, 1734; and Stanislaus Poniatowski, 1764; who was dethroned on the dismemberment of Poland. Thaddeus Kosciusko, the Polish patriot, died in 1817, in Switzerland; and Count Joseph Pulaski, (or Pulawski), who also aided the United States, fell at Savannah, in 1779. Óf Polish historians, Duglosa died in 1480; and Naruszewicz, also a statesman and poet, died in 1796. Stryikowski, and Kobierzyzki, are also Polish historians. Of Polish poets, Kochanowski died in 1584; Krasicki, in 1802; Trembecki, in 1812; and Karpinski, in 1820. Nicholas Copernicus of Thorn, the Polish astronomer, died in 1543.

Under Russian Biography, we have room to mention only the more recent sovereigns, since Russia became a prominent empire. They are Peter, the Great, sole monarch, in 1696; Catherine I., 1725; Peter II., 1727; Anne, 1730; Ivan (or John) III., 1740; Elizabeth, 1741; Peter III., 1762; Catherine II., same year; Paul, 1796; Alexander, 1801; and Nicholas, 1825. Prince Gregory Alexandrowitsch Potemkin, the favorite and minister of Catharine II., died in 1791. Count Peter Alexandrowitsch Romanzoff died in 1796; Count Suwaroff-Rimnitzkoy, (or Suwarrow), who defeated the Turks, and opposed the French in Italy, died in 1800; and Field Marshal Kutusoff, died in 1813. Krusenstern, the circumnavigator, is, we believe, still living. Nicholas Karamsin, the historian, died in 1826. Of the Russian poets, Michael Wasilowitz Lomonosoff died in 1765; and Gabriel Romanowich Derschawin, died in 1819. Oseroff and Cheraskoff, are also poets of note. Professor Peterman Simon Pallas, the naturalist, of German birth, died in 1811.

CHAPTER IV.

AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.

On the subject of American Biography, we feel it a duty to be more full than in the preceding branches, so far as we have the means of being so though unfortunately the records of Spanish America are so imperfect as to present us with only a skeleton of that division of the present branch. Under American Biography, will properly be included the names of many persons born in Europe; but who came to this continent at an early period, or here acquired distinction. The Biography of citizens of the United States, being to us much the most important, will naturally occupy a large portion of our allotted space; especially as our own country has produced a large portion of all the Americans who have yet acquired distinction, in the various pursuits of life.

§ 1. We shall commence the section on United States Biography,

by giving the names of our early statesmen, not celebrated as warriors. John Winthrop, historian, and governor of Massachusetts, died in 1649; John Winthrop, governor of Connecticut, died in 1676; and Roger Williams, governor of Rhode Island, died in 1683. Lord Delaware, governor of Virginia, died in 1618; and Leonard Calvert, first governor of Maryland, died in 1676. William Penn, the first governor of Pennsylvania, died in 1718; William Burnet, governor of New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts, died in 1729; James Logan, governor of Pennsylvania, died in 1751; and Thomas Hutchinson, historian, and governor of Massachusetts, died in 1780. Of military men, in the Indian and French wars, Capt. John Smith, historian, and president of Virginia, died in 1631; Capt. John Mason, of Connecticut, leader in the Pequot war, died in 1673; Capt. Miles Standish, of Plymouth, in 1656; Capt. Daniel Henchman, of Massachusetts, celebrated in King Philip's war, died in 1675; and Capt. Samuel Wadsworth, of Massachusetts, was slain in 1676. William Phipps, of Massachusetts, died in 1695; General William Pepperell, of Massachusetts, in 1759; General William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, died in 1771; and General William Johnson, of New York, died in 1774.

General

Of the statesmen of the Revolution, Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, first president of the Continental Congress, died in 1775; John Hancock, of Massachusetts, its second president, died in 1793; Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, its third president, died in 1792; and John Jay, of New York, its fourth president, who was afterwards first chief justice of the United States, died in 1829. Of the remaining presidents of that Congress, Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut, died in 1796; Thomas M Kean, of Pennsylvania, in 1817; John Hanson, of Maryland, in 1783; Elias Boudinot, of Pennsylvania, in 1821; Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, in 1800; Richard Henry Lee, the orator, of Virginia, in 1794; Nathaniel Gorham, of Massachusetts, in 1796; Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania, in 1818; and Cyrus Griffin, of Pennsylvania, died in 1810. Josiah Quincy, the orator, of Massachusetts, died in 1775: and James Otis, another patriot and orator, of Massachusetts, died in 1783. Benjamin Franklin, the patriot and philosopher, died in 1790. Patrick Henry, the orator, and governor of Virginia, died in 1799. Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, and Edmund Pendleton, of Virginia, died in 1803; Arthur Middleton, of South Carolina, in 1787; and Edward Rutledge, of South Carolina, in 1800. Fisher Ames, the orator, of Connecticut, died in 1808; Robert R. Livingston, of New York, died in 1813; and Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, in the same year. Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, the financier, died in 1806. Adams, of Massachusetts, second president of the United States; and Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, the third president, both died July 4, 1826. Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut, the second chief justice of the United States, died in 1807; and George Clinton, of New York, vice president of the United States, after Adams, Jefferson, and Burr, died in 1812. John Marshall, of Virginia, the historian, and third chief justice of the United States, died in 1836.

John

Of statesmen of the Revolution who were also distinguished in

.

arms, GEORGE WASHINGTON, of Virginia, commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary armies, and first president of the United States, was born February 22, 1732; and died December 14, 1799. General Alexander Hamilton, of New York, fell in a duel, in 1804; and Colonel Aaron Burr, his antagonist, died in 1836. General William Moultrie, of South Carolina, also an historian, died in 1805. Colonel Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts, died in 1829; and Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina, in 1825. Of other general officers of the Revolution, General Joseph Warren, of Massachusetts, fell at Bunker's Hill, in 1775; and General Richard Montgomery, of New York, fell at Quebec, in the same year. General Hugh Mercer, of Pennsylvania, fell at Princeton, in 1777. General Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, died in 1790; General Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island, in 1786; General Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts, in 1810; General Henry Knox, of Massachusetts, in 1806; General John Stark, of New Hampshire, in 1822; General Ethan Allen, of Vermont, in 1789; General Philip Schuyler, of New York, in 1804; General Horatio Gates, of New York, in 1806; General James Clinton, of New York, in 1812; General Anthony Wayne, of Pennsylvania, in 1796; General Otho H. Williams, of Maryland, in 1794; General Charles Lee, of Virginia, in 1782; General Daniel Morgan, of Virginia, in 1799; General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, in 1795; and General Thomas Sumter, of South Carolina, died in 1832. Of foreign officers who assisted our country, besides La Fayette, Kosciusko and Pulaski, already mentioned, Baron De Kalb, of Germany, was slain near Camden, in 1780; and Baron Steuben, of Prussia, died in 1794. Capt. Nicholas Biddle, of the Continental Navy, fell in 1778; and Capt. John Paul Jones, died in 1792.

Of officers distinguished in the war of 1812, we would first name General Zebulon M. Pike, of New Jersey, who fell at York in Canada, in 1813. General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, died in 1829; General Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, in 1828; General Jacob Brown, of New York, in 1828; General James Wilkinson, of Maryland, in 1825; General James Winchester, of Tennessee, in 1826; General William H. Winder, of Maryland, in 1824; General John Stricker, of Maryland, in 1825; General George Izard, of South Carolina, in 1823; General Eleazer W. Ripley, of New Hampshire, in 1839; General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, in 1835; and General Stephen Van Rensselaer, died in 1839. Generals Jackson, Porter, Macomb, Gaines, and Scott, are, we believe, still living. Of distinguished naval officers, in the war of 1812, Captain James Lawrence was slain in 1813; Captain William Burrows, and Captain William H. Allen, fell in the same year; Commodore William Bainbridge, died in 1833; Commodore Stephen Decatur, in 1820; Commodore Oliver H. Perry, in 1820; Commodore Thomas McDonough, in 1825; Commodore Joshua Barney, in 1818; and Commodore John Rogers died in 1838. The names of Barron, Stewart, Hull, Chauncey, Jones, Morris, and Warrington, now stand at the head of the list of the United States navy. Öf statesmen since the times of the Revolution, James Madison,

of Virginia, the fourth president of the United States, died in 1836; and Elbridge Gerry, his associate, as vice president, died in 1814. James Monroe, of Virginia, the fifth president, died in 1831; and Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, his associate, as vice president, died in 1825. General William Henry Harrison, distinguished in the war of 1812, died in 1841; one month after his inauguration, as the ninth president of the United States. De Witt Clinton, of New York, died in 1828; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, in 1834; and Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina, in 1839. James A. Bayard, of Delaware, died in 1815; Gouverneur Morris, of New York, in 1816; Caleb Strong, of Massachusetts, in 1820; George Cabot, of Massachusetts, in 1823; and Brockholst Livingston, of New York, in the same year.

Of United States lawyers, not yet mentioned, George Wythe, of Virginia, died in 1806; John Rutledge, of South Carolina, in 1800; Bushrod Washington, of Virginia, in 1829; William Cushing, of Massachusetts, in 1810; Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, in 1817; Nathan Dane, of Massachusetts, in 1835; Thomas Addis Emmett, of New York, in 1827; Alexander C. Hanson, of Maryland, in 1806; Francis Hopkinson, of Pennsylvania, in 1791; Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, in 1820; William Paca, of Maryland, in 1799; Tapping Reeve, of Connecticut, in 1823: James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, in 1798; and William Wirt, of Pennsylvania, died in 1834.

Of United States divines, Rev. John Harvard, of Massachusetts, died in 1638; Rev. John Elliot, missionary to the Indians, died in 1690; Rev. Cotton Mather, of Massachusetts, died in 1728; and Rev. David Brainerd, missionary to the Indians, died in 1747. Rev. President Jonathan Edwards, the elder, of Princeton College, died in 1758; Rev. President Samuel Johnson, of King's, now Columbia College, died in 1772; Rev. Charles Chauncy, of Massachusetts, died in 1787; Rev. Jeremy Belknap, historian, of New Hampshire, died in 1798; Rev. President Jonathan Edwards, the younger, of Union College, died in 1801; Rev. Samuel Hopkins, of Connecticut, founder of a religious sect, died in 1803; and Rev. President Timothy Dwight, of Yale College, died in 1817. Rev. President Eleazer Wheelock, of Dartmouth College, died in 1799; Rev. Joseph Bellamy, of Connecticut, died in 1790; and Rev. John Blair Linn, also a poet, died in 1804. Rev. Jedediah Morse, of Connecticut, the geographer, died in 1827. Bishop Samuel Seabury, of Connecticut, died in 1796; Bishop Benjamin Moore, of New York, in 1816; Bishop John H. Hobart, of New York, in 1830; and Rt. Rev. William White, senior bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, died in Philadelphia in 1836.

Of United States travellers, besides Captain Smith, General Pike, and President Dwight, already mentioned, John Ledyard, of Connecticut, died in 1789; Jonathan Carver, of Connecticut, died in 1780; Meriwether Lewis, of Louisiana, died in 1809; and William Clark, of Louisiana, died in 1838. Of United States historians, not yet named, William Smith, of New York, flourished in 1757; Samuel Smith, of New Jersey, died in 1776;

George R. Minot, of Massachusetts, in 1802; William Gordon, of Massachusetts, in 1807; Dr. David Ramsay, of South Carolina, in 1815; and Samuel Williams, of Vermont, died in 1817. Rev. Abiel Holmes, of Massachusetts, the annalist, died in 1837. Of United States poets, Joel Barlow, of Connecticut, died in 1812; Colonel David Humphreys, of Connecticut, in 1818; and John Trumbull, of Connecticut, died at Detroit, in 1831. Robert Treat Paine, of Massachusetts, the second of that name, died in 1811. Charles Brockden Brown, of Pennsylvania, the novelist, died in 1809. Many of our distinguished poets and novelists are still living; some of whom will be referred to in our next department.

Among the scientific men whom our country has produced, besides the immortal Franklin, Professor John Winthrop, of Massachusetts, the astronomer, died in 1779; David Rittenhouse, of Pennsylvania, died in 1796; Rev. President John Ewing, of Pennsylvania, died in 1802; Rev. President Samuel Webber, of Massachusetts, died in 1810; Professor Alexander M. Fisher, of Yale College, was lost at sea in 1822; and Dr. Nathaniel Bowditch, of Massachusetts, died in 1838. Of American naturalists, John Bartram, of Pennsylvania, died in 1777; Alexander Wilson, of Pennsylvania, in 1813; Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, of Pennsylvania, in 1815; William Bartram, of Pennsylvania, died in 1823; Dr. John Godman, of Pennsylvania, died in 1830; and Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, of New York, died in 1831. Of other distinguished physicians of the United States, Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, of Massachusetts, died in 1766; Dr. John Morgan, of Pennsylvania, in 1789; Dr. William Bull, of South Carolina, in 1791; Dr. John Redman and Dr. William Shippen, of Pennsylvania, in 1808; Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Pennsylvania, in 1813; Dr. Caspar Wistar, of Pennsylvania, in 1818; Dr. Samuel Bard, of New York, in 1821; Dr. David Hosack, of New York, in 1835; and Dr. Philip Sing Physick, of Pennsylvania, died in 1837.

In the useful, as well as the fine arts, our country has contributed its share of distinguished names. Thomas Godfrey, of Pennsylvania, inventor of the quadrant, died in 1746. Robert Fulton, of New York, the first successful inventor of the steamboat, died in 1815; and Oliver Evans, of Pennsylvania, the pioneer in this invention, died in 1819. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, inventor of the cotton gin, died in 1825. Of distinguished painters, Edward G. Malbone, of Rhode Island, died in 1807; John Singleton Copley, of Massachusetts, died in 1815; Benjamin West, of Pennsylvania, afterwards president of the English Royal Academy, died in 1820; Charles Wilson Peale, of Pennsylvania, also a naturalist, and founder of the first American Museum, died in 1827; and Gilbert Stuart, of Rhode Island, died in 1828. The numerous distinguished names of men who still adorn our country, in literature, science, and the arts, we here forbear to repeat.

§ 2. Our sketch of the Biography of Spanish and Portuguese America, will necessarily be very brief and imperfect. Fernando Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, died neglected, in Spain, in 1554. Hurrigaray, and after him Venegas, were the last Spanish viceroys, before Mexico became independent. The priest Hidalgo, who