beam's coming home to the timbers, as it would be found to wound them too much, or produce too great a sny; therefore, the clamps must lift quite aft, with an easy flight, and some of the after beams, of course, must come on the clamps.

TO EXPAND THE BOTTOM AND TOPSIDE.

THE expanding of the bottom and topside, upon paper, so as to be certain of the lengths and breadths of the planks, together with the mode of disposing of the butts to the greatest advantage, although attended with some trouble, is much more advantageous than trusting to shifting them on the ship's side; for, when the ship is planking, it is necessary to gird the body in a number of places, in order to see what number of strakes the bottom will require, that the planks may be worked of an equal breadth, and fairly diminished forward and aft. To do this, with precision, staging and much trouble is required. But, having the bottom and topside expanded before you, upon a plane, and knowing the general lengths that your planks will work to, you can more conveniently shift the butts, according to the foregoing directions, or alter any one where the length cannot be obtained without difficulty or without making bad work; which could not be so easily performed on the side of the ship.

The bottom may be expanded by the ribband lines or water lines, when parallel to the keel. The bottom, as represented on Plate III. is expanded by the water lines, as they are generally drawn on the draught.

Now, from the sheer-draught, Plate I. may be taken the stations of all the timbers, and the lower edge of the rabbet of the keel from the aftside of the rabbet of the stern-post to as far forward as the rabbet continues straight; likewise the scarphs of the keel; all of which are to be set off on the plan of expansion, as shewn on the plate, to intersect the said straight line. Then, to expand the square bodies, transfer the heights of the upper and lower edge of the wales, the sheer-strakes, upper and lower sides of all the ports, the height of the decks at the side, and underside of the plank-sheer from the sheer-plan, (Plate II.) to the body-plan. The wales, &c. are now to be drawn upon the half-breadth plan; which being done, pin to those lines narrow slips of paper, confining them by needles, from forward and thence abaft; marking, upon each slip of paper, the station of every timber and its respective water line, &c. as girt.

In the same manner gird the timber in the body-plan (Plate II.) from the inside of the rabbet of the keel to the top of the side; then, mark upon it all the water-lines, heads of the timbers, upper and lower edges of the wales, and ports; likewise, the decks at the side and underside of the planksheer. Then square up the station of, as shewn in Plate III.; and, upon that line set up the middle of the rabbet, to which spot, fix with a needle the spot on the slip of paper that girded ✪, and is marked for the inside of the rabbet of the keel, laying the edge fair with the line squared up; now, upon that line, mark off from the said slip all the water lines, the heads of the timbers, upper and lower edges of the wales, ports, &c. In the same manner must we proceed to gird every square timber in the body-plan (Plate II.), marking thereon the name of its respective timber. Then fix the point marked for the middle of the rabbet of each girt, to the middle of the rabbet of its respective timber (Plate III.).

Now fix the girth of each water line to its corresponding height as marked on ✪ ; then stretch each girth, seeing that it does not pucker, în such a manner that the stations of the timbers, as marked on the girth of the water lines, &c. and the corresponding heights of the water lines as marked on the girth of each timber, exactly agree, confining them with a needle in that situation. At the intersection of each, make dots, which will shew the expanded heights and lengths of all the water lines, &c. in the square bodies. Fair curves may then be drawn through all those dots, which will represent the square bodies expanded.

TO EXPAND THE FORE CANT-BODY AND HAWSE-PIECES.

WHERE the water lines, wale line, toptimber line, &c. intersect the canttimbers in the half-breadth plan, square them up to their respective lines in the sheer-plan (Plate II.) then transfer those heights from the sheerplan to their corresponding cant-timbers in the body-plan, and then continue, downwards, the heels of the said cant-timbers as low, and as much within, the half siding of the stem, as the rabbet, when taken out may be supposed to cut into the side of the stem. Likewise continue downwards the joints of the cant-timbers in the sheer-plan (Plate II.) till they intersect the middle of the rabbet of the keel and stem. Then, with narrow slips of paper, as before, gird the several cant-timbers in the fore body, as shewn in (Plate I.) marking thereon the heel, where it cuts the inside of the rabbet, the bearding line, the heights of all the water lines, the lower and upper edges of the wales, the ports, &c. ; and, on the foremost cant-timber, the heights of the heels of the hawse-pieces, marking on each slip or girth the name of its respective timber. Then with other slips of paper gird round each water line in the half-breadth plan, (Plate II.); `and mark thereon the joint of square timber M, and the joint of each canttimber; likewise mark the intersection of each hawse-piece, also where the bearding line intersects the water line, and where the water line ends in the rabbet. The girth at the wales, port-sills, and top-breadth, must also be taken, and respectively marked on each girth or slip.

Now gird another slip of paper round the curve representing the rabbet of the stem and keel (Sheer-plan, Plate II.) marking thereon the square timber M, and the joints of all the cant-timbers where they intersect that line; mark, also, the height of all the water lines, the upper and lower edges of the wales, ports, &c. beak-head, and upper part of the stem.

Square up from the half-breadth plan, (Plate II.) where the heels of the hawse-pieces intersect the joint of cant-timbers to its thwartship appearance in the sheer-plan; and, then transfer those heights to canttimber s in the body-plan; prior to taking the girt of that timber: as those points will give the heels of the hawse-pieces when expanded, as shewn in Plate III.

The slips or girths of the water lines are then to be stretched as before (Plate III.), keeping the spot of square timber M to its respective water lines already expanded on that timber. Then stretch the girth taken round the curve of the stem, fixing its spot M at timber M, as shewn in Plate III.; then, confining the heels of the cant-timbers to their respective spots on the curve of the stem, move the whole together, without puckering, till the foremost ends of the water lines exactly agree with their spots or

stations on the stem; and, in like manner, till the spots made for the stations of the cant-timbers and water lines agree; fixing them with needles till the whole fore-body every where reconciles. Then mark on the draught (Plate III) the intersections of all the girths. Those from the timbers, when curves are drawn to the spots, will represent their moulding edges; as those from the water lines, when the lines are drawn, will likewise shew the water lines as expanded, then by setting off the scantlings of the timbers on each side of the joint, curves being drawn thereto, will represent the fore and after sides of all the timbers.

TO EXPAND THE AFTER CANT-BODY AND TRANSOMS.

THE expanding of the after cant-body, as far aft as the fashion-pieces, is so similar to that of the fore cant-body, just described, as to require but little additional explanation.

When the after cant-body is expanded, the openings between the timbers may be shewn, by a faint shading; likewise the openings between the hawse-pieces and transoms when drawn, which now only remain to be described.

Where the moulding edges of the transoms intersect the foremost cant fashion-piece in the body-plan, take their distances, in the direction of the fashion-piece, from any given spot; then set off those distances in the direction of the aftside of the foremost fashion-piece (Plate III.) above and below the said spot. Then, where the buttock lines, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, in the body-plan intersect the foremost square fashion-piece, level them out to cross the foremost cant fashion-piece, and represent them by dots, and take their distances from the said spot, in the direction of the fashionpiece, setting off those distances from the said spots, in the direction of the aft side of the foremost fashion-piece, (Plate III.) which will give the stations of the buttock lines on the aftside of the fashion-piece.

Now gird slips of paper round the buttock lines, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, in the sheer-plan, and mark on them the sides of the fashion-pieces, the upper and lower edges of all the transoms, (noting the difference to prevent confusion), likewise the margin line where the buttock lines terminate.

Then, with other slips of paper, gird round the moulding edges of all the transoms; also their under sides below the wing-transom, in the plan of the transoms, marking thereon the several buttock lines, the foremost and other fashion-pieces, and inside of the rabbet of the stern post (which will shew the greatest lengths of the planks when expanded, or, as on the ship when wrought.) Then stretch the several girths of the transoms and buttock lines, as on Plate III. fixing the spots for the foremost fashionpiece to its corresponding spots at the aft side of the foremost fashion-piece. Then move the girths till their corresponding spots agree with those for the buttock lines and likewise with those for the edges of the transoms ; and, confining them with needles, mark the intersection of each girt. Now, by describing curves through the respective spots, the edges of the transoms will be shewn, likewise the buttock lines where they intersect the transoms.

The utmost length of the planks round the buttock is now determined, by the margin line on the upper side; and, on the aft side, by the rabbet

of the post on the girt of the transoms. It only now remains to complete the rabbet of the post to the keel.

Stretch a slip of paper up the rabbet of the stern-post in the sheerplan, (Plate II.) then mark on it the upper and under sides of all the transoms, the water lines, with the lower edge of the rabbet of the keel. Then fix it on the plan of expansion, (Plate III.) keeping the spot for the lower edge of the rabbet, well with the rabbet of the post on the straight line; next removing the slip of paper till the spot for the water lines agrees with its water lines already there, fix a needle, and move the upper part of the slip, without puckering, till the spots for the transoms agree with their corresponding spots : a line being then described, to the edge of the slip, will represent the extent of the planks below the transoms.

The girts of the curves of the top-timber line decks, &c. above the main wale being expanded, in a similar manner, will give the boundary of the topside to the rabbet of the stem forward, and to the aftside of the stern-timber abaft; as, likewise, the upper and lower edges of the wales, ports, &c.

The whole side being now expanded, from the keel to the topside, the planks may all be shifted agreeably to the foregoing observations; beginning with the main wale, or the strakes between the wales and the ports, as they must give the strongest shift possible to the ports and to each other. The sheer-strakes, as before observed, should be scarphed with a hook in the middle, and be so disposed as to give the greatest strength to the drifts and each other: the strakes between the wales and sheer-strakes may be next divided, as to their number and breadth; and, if the lower strakes, or those nearest the main wale, are the broadest, and gradually diminish in breadth upwards, they will be more easily obtained; as they are thicker, and make the topside look better.

The plan which we have described is the only method of ascertaining what planks are the most proper to work up or down to the ports, and which to cut upon; for, till this is determined, there can be no certainty in shifting the butts; because, if those planks which must be cut by the ports, should be found to be cut too much, or that it should appear better to work to the ports with the strakes next them, then, to avoid bad work, or introduce very long planks, some of the butts will want shifting. Here may be seen the great utility of expanding the topside; for, if these things are not considered before the work be too far advanced, an indifferent shift will probably ensue.

When there are three strakes between any butt, over or under a port, the butt had better be brought to fasten upon the frame that makes the port.

The longer the planks are shifted, the stronger will be the topside; but the general length of planks must ever be considered; because, when the ship wants repairing, planks must be cut on purpose, and green planks will be worked where seasoned planks only ought to be used. We have been the more particular in explaining the shift of the topside, because the strength of the sheer, in every ship, depends, principally, upon the shift of the planks above her seat in the water; and, as the butts of the clamps and spirkittings should be shifted as clear of the butts on the outside as is possible.

N. B. To obtain the expansion of the foregoing lines, those not now remaining on the draught were inserted in pencil only.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DELINEATING THE INBOARD WORKS, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE INBOARD WORKS OF SHIPS IN GENERAL.

DRAUGHTS of the outboard works being now constructed, and every part described requisite to the putting the ship in her frames and planking, we now proceed to form a draught of the cavity of the ship, or Inboard Works, in such a manner as to exhibit the arrangement and dispo sition of every thing therein contained, to the best advantage.

Sometimes the inboard works are drawn in the sheer-draught; but, when so drawn, they generally appear much confused; it is therefore the best and easiest method to appropriate a draught to that purpose, by which every particular will be more clear and conspicuous. And when this be drawn, the artist will not be under the necessity of working from his principal draught.

The Draught of the Inboard Works, Plate IV. of this work, will give the reader a correct idea of all the particulars which it is designed to exhibit. To this plate he will find it necessary to refer throughout the following instructions.

For the construction of the draught, take, in the first place, from the sheer-draught, the scale, stem, stern post, counter timbers, keel, cuttingdown line, keelson, apron, transoms, fashion-pieces, decks, and centres of the masts; also the drifts, plank-sheer all fore and aft, the joints of the frame-timbers, and the ports, which will be found to be all that is necessary for our present purpose.

The beams come now under consideration, and should be so disposed as to come one under, and one between each port, or as near as can be to answer the other works of the ship, as the hatchways, ladderways, &c.; but, where it happens that a beam cannot possibly be placed under the port, then a beam arm should be introduced to make good the deficiency.

To draw the beams in the draught; take the moulding of the lower deck beams from the dimensions, and set it off below the line representing the deck at the side; then draw a fine line in pencil parallel thereto, which will represent the under side of the beams in the same manner draw the underside of the beams for the upper deck, quarter deck, forecastle, and roundhouse; then take the siding of the lower deck beams, and place one under, and one between, each port, all fore and aft, only drawing them in pencil.

Set off the main hatchway, fore and aft, as in the table of dimensions, before the beam that forms the main mast room; the aftside of this beam then forms the foreside of the hatchway; this beain may be now drawn in ink. And a beam-arm must be introduced in wake of the main hatchway.

The fore hatchway may now be determined, the foreside of which should range well up and down with the after end of the forecastle, and fore and aft as in the Table of Dimensions. At the foreside of the fore hatchway, the rest of the beams afore the fore hatchway may remain as first placed, if the riding bitts will admit of it; then determine on the after hatchway, the fore side of which comes abaft the main mast room. The size of the ladder and hatchways must be governed by the beams, as when there is once a good shift of beams they should never be altered for ladder and hatchways, unless for the three principal hatchways,