The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially for the Use of Students in Engineering

Front Cover
J. Wiley & Sons, 1886 - Engineering - 683 pages
 

Contents

CHAPTER IV
83
THE GRADIENTER ATTACHMENT
104
The Theory of the Sextant
110
CHAPTER V
116
Adjustment of Vernier and Bubble to Telescopic Line of Sight
119
General Description of its Use
120
Location by Resection
122
Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles
124
Resection on Three Known Points
125
132135 Practical Problems
126
The Aneroid described
127
Derivation and use of Barometric Formulæ
128
Use of the Aneroid
135
139 The Pedometer described
137
The Length of Mens Steps
138
140 Description and Use
139
141 Description and Use
141
142 Description and Use
142
143 Description
143
Theory of the Polar Planimeter
144
To find the Length of Arm to use
150
The Suspended Planimeter
152
Theory of the Rolling Planimeter
154
To Test the Accuracy of a Planimeter
157
The Use of the Planimeter
158
Accuracy of Planimeter Measurements
160
152 Description and Theory
161
Various Styles of Pantographs
163
Use of the Pantograph
165
Various Styles described
166
155 Description and Use
169
BOOK II
172
Land Monuments
173
160 Significance and Authority of Monuments
174
Lost Monuments
175
162 The Extent of the System
176
The Reference Lines
177
The Division into Townships
178
The Convergence of the Meridians
179
Corner Monuments
181
The Subdivision of Sections
183
The Running of Parallels
185
170 The Area defined
187
171 By the Use of the Chain alone
188
By the Use of the Compass or Transit and Chain
189
The Field Notes
190
Computing the Latitudes and Departures
195
Balancing the Survey
198
The Error of Closure
201
The Form of Reduction
202
Correction from Erroneous Length of Chain
205
183 Conditions of Application of the Method
208
Theory of the Method
209
The Form of Reduction
211
Plotting the Survey
216
Method of Computation stated 193
217
The Method by Offsets at Regular Intervals
218
190 The Problems of Infinite Variety
221
To cut from a Given Tract of Land a Given Area by a Right Line running in a Given Direction
223
193 The Problem Stated
228
The Interpretation of Descriptions in Deeds and the Identification of Boundaries
229
Water Boundaries and Meandered Lines
232
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
233
Examples in Land Surveying
234
CHAPTER VIII
237
Method by Transit and Stadia stated
238
Method Used on the Government Surveys
244
Another Method of Graduating Rods
245
Adaptation of Formulæ to Inclined Sights
245
Description and Use of the Stadia Tables
247
204a Porros Telescope having the Vertex of the Reading Angle at the Center of the Instrument
249
Description and Use of the Reduction Diagram
251
Setting the Crosswires
252
Graduating the Stadia Rod
253
209 Topography
257
Reduction of the Notes
265
Plotting the Stadia Line
268
Check Readings
269
Plotting the Side Readings
270
Contour Lines
275
The Final Map
278
Topographical Symbols
279
CHAPTER IX
281
The Maps
283
Plotting the Survey
285
Making the Location on the Map
287
Another Method
291
CHAPTER X
293
226 Enumeration of Methods
294
By Two Angles read on Shore
295
By one Range and one Angle
298
Buoys Buoyflags and Rangepoles
299
By one Range and Timeintervals
300
234 The Lead
301
Sounding Poles
303
Lines of Equal Depth
304
Soundings for the Stady of Sandwaves
305
Areas of Crosssection
306
243 Benchmarks
307
Waterlevels
308
Riverslope
309
Measuring Mean Velocities of Watercurrents
310
Use of Subsurface Floats
311
Use of Current Meters
316
Rating the Meter
317
Use of Rod Floats
323
Comparison of Methods
324
The Relative Rates of Flow in Different Parts of the Cross section
325
To find the Mean Velocity on the Crosssection
328
Subcurrents
331
The Flow over Weirs
332
Weir Formulæ and Corrections
335
The Miners Inch
338
Formulæ for the Flow of Water in Open ChannelsKutters For mula
339
Crosssections of Least Resistance
344
261 Methods and Objects
345
Collecting the Specimens of Water
347
To Survey a Mine with its Shafts and Drifts
367
Conclusion
370
CHAPTER XII
372
The Transit
373
278 Provision for Growth
375
Contour Maps
376
Laying out the Ground
377
The Plat to be Geometrically consistent
379
Surveys for Subdivision
381
The Datumplane
385
Sewer Systems
386
The Contour Map
387
Erroneous Standards
388
True Standards
389
The Use of the Tape
390
Determination of the Normal Tension
392
The Working Tension
396
The Effect of Wind
397
The Effect of Slope
398
Checks
399
500 The Improvement of Streets
400
The Value of an Existing Monument
401
The Significance of Possession
403
Disturbed Corners and Inconsistent Plats
404
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
405
The Investigation and Interpretation of Deeds
407
Preservation of Lines
408
The Want of Agreement between Surveyors
409
CHAPTER XIII
410
Grading over Extended Surfaces
412
Approximate Estimates by Means of Contours
415
The Prismoid
420
Areas of Crosssection
422
The Centre and Side Heights
423
Crosssectioning
424
Threelevel Sections the Upper Surface consisting of two Warped Surfaces
426
Construction of Tables for Prismoidal Computation
428
Threelevel Sections the Surface divided into Four Planes by Diagonals
433
Comparison of Volumes by Diagonals and by Warped Surfaces
435
Preliminary Estimates from the Profiles
437
Borrow pits
440
Excavations under Water
441
CHAPTER XIV
444
Triangulation Systems
445
The Baseline and its Connections
447
The Reconnaissance
449
Instrumental Outfit for Reconnaissance
451
The Direction of Invisible Stations
452
Construction of Stations
457
Targets
458
Heliotropes
462
Station Marks
464
338 Methods
467
The Steel Tape
469
Method of Mounting and Stretching the Tape
470
Jäderins Method
473
The Absolute Length of Tape
475
The Coefficient of Expansion
476
The Modulus of Elasticity
477
Temperature Correction
479
Temperature Correction when a Metallic Thermometer is used
480
Correction for Alignment
482
Correction for Sag
485
To reduce a Broken Base to a Straight Line
488
Summary of Corrections
489
To compute any Portion of a Broken Base which cannot be directly measured
492
Accuracy attainable by Steel tape and Metallicwire Measure ments
493
Adjustment of Horizontal Axis
505
Rigorous Adjustment for Angle and Sideequations
521
LATITUDE AND AZIMUTH
528
Correction for Observations not on the Meridian
534
Finding the Mean Time by Transit
552
Finding the Altitude
553
Making the Observations
554
Longitude
556
Computing the Geodetic Positions
557
Example of L M Z Computation
561
395 Of Two Kinds
562
Formulæ for Reciprocal Observations
563
Formulæ for Observations at One Station only
565
Formulæ for an Observed Angle of Depression to a Sea Horizon
567
To find the Value of the Coefficient of Refraction
568
401 Precise Levelling defined
569
The Instruments
570
The Instrumental Constants
572
The Daily Adjustments
575
Field Methods
577
Limits of Error
580
Adjustment of Polygonal Systems
581
Determination of the Elevation of Mean Tide
585
CHAPTER XV
586
Trapezoidal Projection
587
The Simple Conic Projection
588
De lIsles Conic Projection
589
The Polyconic Projection
590
Meridian Distances in Table VIII
593
Summary
594
The Angle of Convergence of Meridians
596
420 Map Lettering
597
Topographical Symbols
598
THE JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS OF SURVEYORS
601
APPENDIX
611
APPENDIX C
627
APPENDIX D
633
APPENDIX
644
THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SURVEY AND MAP AND THE OWNER
665
APPENDIX
665
TABLES
667
FOR CONVERTING METRES FEET AND CHAINS
673
LOGARITHMIC TRAVERSE TABLE
680
NATURAL SINES AND COSINES
696
NATURAL TANGENTS AND COTANGENTS
705
COORDINATES FOR POLYCONIC PROJECTION
717
The General Principle of Reversion
735
Latitudes Departures and Meridian Distances
745
To make the Plate perpendicular to the Axis of the Socket
747
AZIMUTHS OF POLARIS FOR ALL HOURS 730
752

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