Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Volume 1

Thomas Cogswell Upham

Harper & Brothers, 1857 - Ethics - 515 pages

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Table of Contents

Section INTRODUCTION CHAP I PRIMARY TRUTHS 1 Importance of preliminary statements in Mental Philosophy	17

17	18

Primary truth of personal identity	21

Reasons for regarding this a preliminary truth 8 There are original and authoritative grounds of belief	24

Primary truths having relation to the reasoning power	25

No beginning or change of existence without a cause	26

Occasions of the origin of the primary truth of effects and causes 12 Matter and mind have uniform and fixed laws	27

This primary truth not founded on reasoning	28

CHAP LINTERNAL ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE 169 The soul has fountains of knowledge within	221

Declaration of Locke that the soul has knowledge in itself	222

Opinions of Cudworth on the subject of internal knowledge	223

Further remarks of the same writer on this subject	224

Writers who have objected to the doctrine of an internal source of knowledge 174 Knowledge begins in the senses but has internal accessions 175 Ins...	226

Imperfections attendant on classifications in mental philosophy	231

ORIGINAL SUGGESTION 177 Import of suggestion and its application in Reid and Stewart	232

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	234

CHAP IIIMMATERIALITY OF THE MIND 14 On the meaning of the terms material and immaterial	30

Difference between mind and matter shown from language 16 Their different nature shown by their respective properties	31

The souls immateriality indicated by the feeling of identity	32

The material doctrine makes a man a machine 19 No exact correspondence between the mental and bodily state	34

Evidence of this want of exact correspondence	35

Comparative state of the mind and body in dreaming	36

The great works of genius an evidence of immateriality	37

The doctrine of materiality inconsistent with future existence	39

LAWS OF BElief 24 Of belief its degrees and its sources 21	41

Memory and testimony considered as sources of belief	42

Objection to reliance on testimony	44

Of relative suggestion as a ground of belief	45

Of reasoning as a ground or law of belief	46

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION 30 The mind may be regarded in a threefold point of view	47

Evidence of the general arrangement from consciousness	48

Bection DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART FIRS...	57

ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL	59

Of the origin or beginnings of knowledge	60

Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin	62

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes	64

The same subject further illustrated Page 59 60 62 64	65

42	67

44	70

45	71

On the sensations of heat and cold	72

46	73

47	74

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 48 Sensation a simple mental state originating in the senses 49 All sensation is properly and truly in the mind	76

Evidence of the same from the terms found in different languages 50	78

ceptible of explanation 51 The connexion between the mental and physical change not sus 52 Of the meaning and nature of perception	80

Of the primary and secondary qualities of matter	81

Of the secondary qualities of matter	82

Further proof from various writers on the mind	83

THE SENSES OF SMELL AND taste 56 Nature and importance of the senses as a source of knowledge	84

Of the connexion of the brain with sensation and perception	85

Order in which the senses are to be considered	86

Of the sense and sensation of smell 60 Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations 61 Of the sense and sensation of taste	87

Design and uses of the senses of smell and taste	89

THE SENSE OF HEARING 63 Organ of the sense of hearing	90

Nature of sonorous bodies and the medium of the communication of sound	91

Varieties of the sensation of sound	92

Manner in which we learn the place of sounds	93

Application of these views to the art of ventriloquism	94

Uses of hearing and its connexion with oral language	96

THE SENSE OF TOUCH 69 Of the sense of touch and its sensations in general	97

Idea of externality suggested in connexion with the touch 76 76 78	98

Pago	99

of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	103

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified	104

THE SENSE OF SIGHT 76 Of the organ of sight and the uses or benefits of that sense	105

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	106

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight	107

The idea of extension not originally from sight	108

80	109

81	111

82	112

83	114

84	116

85	117

86	118

Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief	119

Conceptions which are joined with perceptions	120

Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations	121

87	122

89	123

90	125

91	127

92	129

93	130

94	131

Doctrine of the nonexistence of matter considered	132

96	133

97	134

HABITS OF SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 98 General view of the law of habit and of its applications	135

Of habit in relation to the smell	137

Of habit in relation to the taste	138

Of habit in relation to the hearing	140

Of certain universal habits based on sounds	142

Application of habit to the touch	143

Other striking instances of habits of touch	146

Habits considered in relation to the sight	147

Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase of	149

Of habits as modified by particular callings or arts	150

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the outlines and forms of objects 150	151

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine 110 Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine 152	152

MUSCULAR HABITS 111 Instances in proof of the existence of muscular habits	154

Muscular habits regarded by some writers as involuntary	155

Objections to the doctrine of involuntary muscular habits	156

CONCEPTIONS 114 Meaning and characteristics of conceptions	158

Of conceptions of objects of sight	159

Of the influence of habit on our conceptions	161

Of the senses sinking to sleep in succession	166

General remarks on cases of somnambulism	167

Origin of the distinction of simple and complex	168

Nature and characteristics of simple mental states 124 Simple mental states not susceptible of definition 125 Simple mental states representative of a re...	169

Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple	171

Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings	172

The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood	173

Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind	174

Complex notions of external origin	175

Of objects contemplated as wholes	176

Something more in external objects than mere attributes or	177

ABSTRACTION 134 Abstraction implied in the analysis of complex ideas	180

Instances of particular abstract ideas	181

Mental process in separating and abstracting them	182

Of generalizations of particular abstract mental states	183

Of the importance and uses of abstraction	184

GENERAL ABSTRACT IDEAS	185

Objection sometimes made to the existence of general notions	190

The power of general abstraction in connexion with numbers c	191

Of general abstract truths or principles 147 Of the speculations of philosophers and others	192

Of different opinions formerly prevailing	193

Of the opinions of the Realists	194

Of the opinions of the Nominalists 151 Of the opinions of the Conceptualists	195

Further remarks of Brown on general abstractions	197

OF ATTENTION 153 Of the general nature of attention	198

154	199

155	200

156	202

Alleged inability to command the attention	203

158	204

159	205

Dreams are often caused by our sensations	206

161	207

Second cause of the incoherency of dreams	208

Apparent reality of dreams 1st cause	209

Apparent reality of dreams 2d cause	210

Of our estimate of time in dreaming	211

VII Of relations of cause and effect	212

DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE NEXT PART SECOND TH...	219

Origin of the idea of externality	236

Idea of matter or material existence	237

Origin of the idea of motion	238

Of the nature of unity and the origin of that notion	239

Nature of succession and origin of the idea of succession	240

Origin of the notion of duration	241

Of time and its measurements and of eternity 186 Marks or characteristics of time 188 The idea of space has its origin in suggestion 187 The idea of s...	243

192	251

193	252

194	253

195	254

CONSCIOUSNESS 196 Consciousness the second source of internal knowledge its nature	256

197	257

198	258

199	259

Of committing to writing as a means of aiding the memory	260

200	261

Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise	262

203	263

204	264

205	265

207	266

209	268

210	270

211	271

Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect 214 Remarks on instituted or conventional relations	273

Connexion of relative suggestion or judgment with reasoning	274

Reasons for considering this subject here	275

Meaning of association and illustrations	276

Of the general laws of association	277

Resemblance the first general law of association	278

Resemblance in every particular not necessary	279

Of resemblance in the effects produced	280

Contrast the second general or primary	281

Contiguity the third general or primary	282

Cause and effect the fourth primary	284

Secondary laws and their connexion with the primary	285

Of the influence of lapse of time	286

Secondary law of repetition or habit	287

Original difference in the mental constitution	289

Causes of increased vividness in these instances	294

Association sometimes misleads our judgments	295

Casual association in respect to the place of sensation	296

Connexion of our ideas of extension and time	297

Of high and low notes in music	298

Connexion of the ideas of extension and colour 295 296 297 298	299

Tendency of the mind to pass from the sign to the thing signified	301

Whether there be heat in fire	302

Benefit of examining such connexions of thought	304

Power of the will over mental associations	305

Association controlled by indirect voluntary power 244 Further illustrations of indirect voluntary power CHAP VIIIMEMORY 302 302	306

Remarks on the general nature of memory	309

Of philosophic memory or that species of memory which is based on other relations than those of contiguity	315

Further illustrations of philosophic memory	317

Of that species of memory called intentional recollection	318

Instance illustrative of the preceding	319

257	325

258	327

259	329

261	330

262	331

263	333

Application of the principles of this chapter to education	337

First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina of the	338

Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or apparitions Neglect of periodical bloodletting Attacks of fever	339

Methods of relief adopted in this case	340

Third cause of excited conceptions	341

Fourth cause of apparitions and other excited conceptions In flammation of the brain	342

Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning	344

Meaning of the term and kinds of insanity	345

Of disordered or alienated sensations	346

Of disordered or alienated external perception	347

Disordered state or insanity of original suggestion	348

Unsoundness or insanity of consciousness	349

Of reasoning � priori	350

Disordered or alienated association	351

Illustrations of this mental disorder	352

Of partial insanity or alienation of the memory	353

Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane	354

Instance of the above form of disordered reasoning	355

DEMONSTRATIVE REASONING	356

Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination	357

Insanity or alienation of the power of belief	358

Of the influence of demonstrative reasoning on the mental char	362

Of reasoning by induction	368

Care to be used in correctly stating the subject of discussion	374

Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject	375

Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms	376

Fallacia equivocationis or the use of equivocal terms and phrases	378

On the sophism of estimating actions and character from the cir cumstances of success merely	379

Of adherence to our opinions	380

Effec s on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth	381

IMAGINATION 306 Imagination an intellectual process closely related to reasoning	383

Definition of the power of imagination	384

Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination	385

Further remarks on the same subject	386

Of differences in the strength of memory 248 Of circumstantial memory or that species of memory which is based on the relations of contiguity in ti...	387

312	388

288	389

314	390

315	391

Works of imagination give different degrees of pleasure	392

317	394

318	396

319	397

Feelings of sympathy aided by the imagination	398

COMPLEX IDEAS OF INTERNAL ORIGIN 321 Of complex ideas of external origin	399

Nature of complex ideas of internal origin 398 399	400

Of the help afforded by names in the combination of numbers	401

Instances of complex notions made up of different simple ideas	402

Not the same internal complex ideas in all languages	404

Origin of the complex notion of a Supreme Being	406

Section DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART THI...	409

CONNEXION OF THE MIND AND BODY 411 328 Disordered intellectual action connected with the body	411

The mind constituted on the principle of a connexion with the body	412

Illustration of the subject from the effects of old	413

The connexion of the bodily system with the mental shown from the effects resulting from diseases	414

Shown also from the effects of stimulating drugs and gases	415

Influence on the body of excited imagination and passion	416

This doctrine of use in explaining mental phenomena	417

EXCITED CONCEPTIONS OR APPARITIONS 335 Of excited conceptions and of apparitions in general	418

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sight	419

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sound	421

437	437

Idea of total insanity or delirium	446

Of perception in cases of total or delirious insanity 361 Of association in delirious insanity 362 Illustration of the above section 446 447	447

451	451

Of moral accountability in mental alienation	452

Of the imputation of insanity to individuals	453

Of the treatment of the insane	454

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Common terms and phrases

able abstract acquired action affections appear apply association attention become belief body brought called cause circumstances colour combined complex conceptions connexion consciousness consequence consideration considered constitution direct distance distinct dreams evidence examination exercise existence experience express extension external fact feeling further give ground habit hand hearing human ideas illustrated immediately important instance intellectual internal kind knowledge known language less light limited look material matter means memory mental mere merely mind nature necessary never notice notion objects observe occasion once operations organ origin outward particular perceive perception perhaps person possess present principle properties qualities reason reference regarded relation remark respect result seems sensation senses separate sight simple smell soul sound space speak statement suggestion supposed taste term things thought tion touch true truth understanding various volition whole writers

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Bibliographic information

QR code for Elements of Mental Philosophy

Title	Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Volume 1 Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Thomas Cogswell Upham
Author	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Edition	abridged
Publisher	Harper & Brothers, 1857
Length	515 pages

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