advanced to the dignity of a cardinal, and the first of that order that was so, is commonly called Hugo Cardinalis The Psalms indeed were always divided as at present. For St. Paul, Acts xiii. 33, in his Sermon at Antioch, in Pisidia, quotes the second Psalm. But as to the rest of the Holy Scriptures, the division of them into such chapters as at present is what the ancients never knew of. Belæus Cent. 3 p. 275. The Greek bibles among Christians anciently had their TIT, and paix, but the intent of them was rather to point out the sum or contents than to divide the books; and they were vastly different from the present chapters, for many of them contained only a very few verses, and some of them no more than one. The Saxon is thus, Fader uren thu arth or thu bist in heofnum or Father our thou art or thou beest in Heaven, in heofnas, sie gehalgud noma thin to cymeth ric be hallowed name thine come kingdom thin. Sie willo thin suae is in heofne and in thine. Be will thine as is in Heaven and in as thysen, gainsayeth this. Here any one may per ceive a great many English words. And in the Saxon homilies there is this remarkable expression; whence we may perceive, that Rome, at that time, had not resolved to derive her church from St. Peter. Seint Pouel the is the hegest lareow the we habbeth inne haelig kirk. St. Paul who is the highest teacher we have in holy church. The charter that William the Conqueror gave to the city of London, which was about the year 1066, ran thus; Williem king, greets Williem Bisccop and Godfred Porterefan, and ealle ya Burghwarn binnen London, Frencisce & Englise Frendlice, & ie hiden eoy, yeet ic wille yeet git ben ealra weera lagayweord, ye get weeran on Edwaerds daege kings. And ie will yeet aele child by his fader Yrinume, aefter his faders daege. And ie nelle ge wolian, yeet uenig man eoy aenis wrang bevde. God eoy heald. That is, William king greets William bishop, and Godfrey Portgreve [lord mayor] and all the Burgesses [citizens] within London, French and English friendly. And I make known to you, that I will that ye be all your law-worth that ye were in Edward's days the king. we forgive eortha. Hlaf userne oferwistlic sel us to-daeg; inlead usith in The next oldest copy of the Lord's Prayer is the Dano-Saxon one, called Rushworth's. V. Wanley, p 81. The age is about 900, Fader ure thu the in heofunum earth. Beo Father our thou who in Heaven art. Be gehalgud thin noma. Cume to thine rice, weorthe hallowed thine name. Come thy kingdom, be done thin willa swa swa on heofume swile on corthe. thy will as in Heaven as in earth. Haf userne or ure daeghwamlicu or istondenlice Bread our our daily hourly sel us to-daeg and forlete us ure scylde swa swa give us to day and forgive us our debts as we ec forleten thaem the scyldigat with us and ne we forgive them who trespass against us and not gelaet us geleade in costuungae. Ah gelefe us let 718 be led into temptation. But deliver us of Yfle. from evil. About the year 960, Elfrick, who was made abbot of Malmesbury, by king Edgar, thus writeth to one Sigeferth, against the marriage of priests; for one Ankor, who lived with Sigcferth, defended the marriage of priests, affirming it to be lawful. The epistle begins thus, Alfric abb, gret Sigeferth fremdlice; me is gesaed that thu saedest be me that ic other tachte on Engliscen gewriten other eower Ancor aet ham med eow taebth; fortham the he swutelice saegth, that hit seo alefd that Maesse-preostas wel mot wifygon, and mine gewriten withcwetheth thysen. That is, Elfric Abbot, greets Sigeferth friendly; me is gesaed, to me it is said, that tho, that thou, saedest be me, readest or speakest by me, that ic other taehte, that I other teach, on Engliscen eewriten, in my English writing, other gower Ancor, other or than your Ancor, aet ham med eow taehth, at home with you teacheth; fortham the he swutelice saegth, for then, or because that he soothly saith, that hit seo alefd, that it is allowed, that maesse-preostas, that mass-priests, wel motan wifigon, may take wives, and mine gewriten and my writings, withewetheth And I will that each child be his father's heir after his father's day And I nill [will not] suffer that any man you any wrong beode [be done]. God save you, or keep. In the famous psalter of Trinity College, writ ten, as Mr. Wauley judges, in the time of king Stephen, (Wanley, p. 168.) the Lord's Prayer is thus; which a learned doctor places A. D. 1130. Fader ure the art on heofone sy gebletsob name thin, swa swa on heofone and on eorthan breod (hlaf) ure degwamlich geof us to daeg, and forgeof us ageltes ura, swa swa we forgeofen agiltendum urum. And ne led us on costunge, ac alys us fram yfele swa beo hit. About the year 1160 in the time of king Henry the Second, the Lord's Prayer was rendered thus, and sent over from Rome by pope Adrian, an Englishnan, turned into rhime, that the people might more easily learn and remember it: Ure fadyr in Heven rich, About a hundred years after, in the time of Fadir that art in Heven riche, The salm that is cleped Pater-Noster. Fader ure thu ert in hevene. Bledsed be thi name. cume thi rixlinge. Wurthe thi wil on eorthe swo hit is on hevene. Gif us to dai ure dailgwamliche bread. And forgive us ure gultes swo we don hem here the us agult habbeth shild us fram elche pine of helle aeles us of alle ivele. Amen. Swo hit wurthe. About the year 1250. Wickliff's about 1380, Richard II. Oure Fadir that art in hevenes, halowid be thi name. Thi kingdom come to. Be thi will doon in erthe as in hevene. Geve to us this dai our breed over othir substaunce. And forgeve to us oure dettis as and we forgeven to oure dettouris. And lede us not into temptacioun but deliver us from yvel. Amen. Evang. Matt. vi. thus: About two hundred years after this, in the time of Henry VI. (as appears by a large manuscript vellum Bible in the Oxford library, said to have been this king's, and by him to have been given to the Carthusians in London) it was rendered Our fadir that art in hevenes, halewid be thi name, thi kingdom come to thee, be thy will don' in eerthe, as in hevene, give to us this day our breed over othre substanc, and forgive to us oure dettis, as we forgiven our dettouris, and lede us not into temptation, but delivere us from ivel. Amen. In another manuscript of Wickliffe's translation, who lived in Richard the Second's time, about the year 1977, it is rendered with very small difference from this. And Michael Drayton, in his Polyolb. Cant. 8. hath these words out of Robert of Gloucester, concerning London's being walled by Lud. The herte yate of the toun that yate, The sely widowe and her daughters two The duckes cried as men would them quell. And the Wife of Bath's Tale begins thus: In the old daies of king Artour, (Of which the Bretons speaken great honour), The Liber Festialis, about 1500. thy name, thy gingdome come, thy wy! be doon Fader eure that arte in hevynes, halowed be in erth as it is in hevyn, our every daies brede gyve us to daye, and forgive us our trespasses as lede us nat in temptacion but delyver us from we forgyve theym that trespasse agaynste us, and all evyll. Tyndale, A. D. 1526. Our father which art in heaven, halowed be thy name. Let thy kingdom come. Thy will be fulfilled as well in earth as it is in heven. Geve us this daye ur dayly bred and forgeve us oure dettes as we forgeve ur detters. And leade us not into temptation, but de lyver us from evyll. For thyne is the kyngdom and the power and the glorye for ever. Amen. doxology in the close, being taken from the Greek, whereas those before were taken from the Latin, N. B. This is the first Lord's Prayer with the and want that part. The Athanasian Creed in old English verse. Whosoever will be saved. Who so wil be sauf to blis Before alle thinges nede to is That he hald with alle his miht The heli trauthe and leue it riht Whilk bot ilken to queme About the year 1400, flourished the famous Chaucer, whose chief fault was the mixing too Hole and wemles it yheme. many French and Latin words with the English. Withouten drede bes thet forn tion of the sudden stir and fear that happened Sothelic the heli trauht this isse I shall give you a taste of his style, in the descrip- Fro Godes sight in ai forlorn upon the cock's being carried away by a fox. VOL. IV. That o God inne thrinnesse Which Faith except. The Faith is. DD S that bi alle als bifore saide is Then is ever trauthe right That we leve withalle our miht That oure loverd Jhu Crist in blis So that in all He therefore that. Gode of kinde of fadir kumed werld biforn Furthermore. In a Bible set forth with the king's licence, translated by Thomas Mathews, and printed in the year 1537, the Lord's Prayer is rendered thus O oure father which arte in heven, halowed be thy name. Let thy kingdome come. Thy will be fulfiled, as well in erth, as it is in heven. Geve us this daye oure dayly bred. And forgeve us our treaspases, even as we forgeve oure trespacers. And lead us not into temptacion, but deliver us from evyl. Amen. We shall now present the reader with a passage or two, out of Gawin Douglas bishop of Dunkel, who flourished in the fourteenth and fifteenth cen turies. And though some persons may blame me, that in producing specimens of the alteration of the English tongue, I quote à Scotch author; yet if those persons will give themselves the trouble of considering him more heedfully, they will perceive that his language, if it be not old English, is very near a-kin to it; and sir David Lindsay, in his prologue of the Complaint of Papingo, published at Edinburgh, 1592, seems to be of this opinion; for speaking of this author, he has these expressions: Alace for ane, quhilk lamp was in this land, And since I have cited this testimony of sit David Lindsay, concerning the bishop, I shall give you one more, and the rather because it reFor the right. lates to my present design, and has not been mentioned by the publishers of the last edition of this author: and it is that of William Lisle, esq. in his preface to a Saxon Treatise De veteri novo Testamento. Ed. Lond. 1623. I lighted on Virgil Scottished by the reverend Gawin Douglas, bishop of Dunkel, and uncle to the earl of Angus, the best translation of that poet that ever read: And though I found that dialect more hard than any of the former (as nearer the Saxon, because farther from the Norman) yet with help of the Who although, Latin, I male shift to understand it, and read the book more than once, from the beginning to the God of the Perfect God. Man of kinde of moder into world born Equal to the end; whereby I must confess I got more knowledge of that I sought than by any of the other: for as at the Saxon invasion many of the Saxons fed into Scotland, preserving in that realm unconquered, as the line royal, so also the language, better than the inhabitants here, under conquerors law and custom, were able. Thus far Mr. Lisle. We shall now come to our good bishop. His conclusion to the translation of Virgil is in these words: Thus up my pen and instrumentis full zore, On Virgillis post I fix for euermore! Neuir from thens sic matteris to discriue: My muse sal now be clene contemplatiue, And solitare, as doith the bird in cage; Sen fer by worn all is my chyldis age, And of my day is nere passit the half date, That nature suld me granting, weill I wate. Thus sen I feile doun sweyand the ballance, Here I resigne up zoungkeris observance, And wyl derek my labaouris euermoir, Vnto the commoun welth and Goddis gloir. A dew, gud readeris, God gif zou al gud nycht, And eftir deith grant vs his hevinly lycht. These verses need no explanation, since with a little change of a few letters they will appear to be clean English. But, however, I will explain a word or two; zore, ready; sic, such matters to describe; sen, since far outworn; suld, should; sweyand, swaying down; inclining, weighing zoungkeris, young men; z, being frequently used among the old writers, and especially in this author, for y. I shall add a few verses more, wherein he desires that neither his rhyme nor words may be changed. From whom returning sad and comfortless, Which when he knew, and felt our feeble hearts, Embost with bale, and bitter byting grief, Which love had launced with his deadly darts, With wounding words and terms of foul reprief, He pluckt from us all hope of due relief, That earst us held in love of lingring life; The hopeless, hartless, gan the cunning thief Perswade to die, to stint all further strife, To me he lent this rope, to him a rusty knife. With which sad instrument of hasty death, That woful lover, loathing lenger light, A wide way made to let forth living breath. I should now proceed to give some instances of the change of our language from Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, my lord Bacon, Milton, Waller, Cowley, &c. But they being books that are almost in every bodies hands, and my preface beginning already to swell, I shall defer it to a more, convenient opportunity. I shall therefore endeavour to answer an objection that is made against our tongue, that it is made up of too many monosyllables: but this is a proof of its antiquity, if what Salmasius says be true, Certum quippe est, linguas omnes quæ monosyllabis constant esse cæteris antiquiores. Multis abundavit monosyllabis antiqua Græca, cujus vestigia, apud poetas qui antiquitatem affectârunt, remansêre non pauca. De Re Hellenisticá, p. 390. For it is certain, that all those languages which consist of monosyllables are ancienter than the others; the Greek tongue abounded in monosyllables, of which there remain many instances among the ancient Greek poets. And indeed we have this advantage from our monosyllables, or words of one syllable, that we can express more matter in fewer words than any other language whatever; and though the monosyllables are not so fit for numbers, yet that happiness of composition, which is peculiar to our language with the Greek, makes our poetry as musical and harmonious as that of any nation in the world. And Mr. Dennis, who is a very good judge, says, the English is more strong, more full, more sounding, more significant, and more harmonious than the French. I know, says he, very well, that a great many will be unwilling to allow the last; but he alleges this as a convincing proof of it, that we have blank verse which is not inharmonious, and the French pretend to no poetical numbers, without the assistance of rhime. And the learned and ingenious Mrs. Elstob has given variety of instances from our own poets, which sufficiently prove that there is a secret sweetness and harmony in verses made up of monosyllables artfully placed. Preface to her Saxon Grammar, p. 13. I shall give three examples as brought by that lady from Mr. Dryden. Arms and the man I sing who forc'd by fate. From Mr. Creech. Nor could the world have born so fierce a flame. From sir John Denham's Coopers-Hill. Tho' deep yet clear; tho' gentle yet not dull, Strong without rage, without o'er flowing full. And indeed there are no subjects but what may be nobly and beautifully clothed in an English dress; for our language has whatever is necessary to the making a language complete; for it is significant, easy, copious, and sweet. But we must not enlarge on these matters. I will however trespass a little more on your patience, and give you a specimen of the copiousness of our language in these two words, Anger and Striking. Anger, to express which passion, we use these following words, wrath, passion, passionate, sharpness, rage, fury, outrage, pet, choler, gaul, fame, storm, fret, pelt, chafe, vex, take-on, inflame, kindle, irritate, enrage, exasperate, incense, provoke, move, sullen, hasty, furious, outrageous, mad, look big, placable, appease, stomach, animosity, heart-burning, rough, hot, snappish, curst, snarl, snuffle, &c. So for the word Striking we use, smite, bang, beat, bast, buffet, cuff, dash, hit, swinge, thump, thwack, blow, stripe, slap, flap, rap, tap, kick, wince, spurn, bob, box, fillip, whirret, yerke, pummel, punch, rebuff, percussion, repercussion, collision, &c. So we say to seeth, or boil broth, to stew prunes, poach eggs, coddle apples, bake bread, for which expressions to seeth, stew, poach, coddle, bake, the Latins have only the word coquere, for pinsere is neither to make bread nor bake it. "In pistrino autem pinsuntur farta, uti prodeat farina, unde panes contant in furno, quo sint esui demum coquendi;" as our learned Gataker hath rightly observed. See, farther, our article GRAMMAR, To ENGLU'T. v. a. (engloutir, French.) 1. To swallow up (Shakspeare). 2. To glut; to pamper (Ascham). ENGONASIS, in astronomy. See HER To ENGORGE. v. a. (from gorge, Fr.) To swallow; to devour; to gorge (Spenser). To ENGORGE. v. n. To feed with eager See GARDENING and To ENGRAIL. v. a. (from grele, French.) To indent in curve lines (Carew). To ENGRAIN. v. a. from grain.) To die deep; to die in grain (Spenser). To ENGRAPPLE. v. n. (from grapple.) To close with; to contend with hold on cach other (Daniel). To ENGRASP. v. a. (from grasp.) To seize; to hold fast in the hand (Spenser). To ENGRAVE. v. a. pret, engraved ; part. pass. engraved or engraven. (engraver, Fr.) 1. To picture by incisions in any matter (Pope) 2. To mark wood or stone (Exodus). 3. To impress deeply; to imprint (Locke). 4. (from grave.) To bury; to inter (Spenser.) ENGRAVER. s. (from engrave.) A cutter in stone or other matter (Hale). ENGRAVING, the art of cutting metals, precious stones, woods, &c. and representing thereon figures, letters, or whatever device or design the artist fancies. Engraving is properly a branch of sculpture, and is divided into several other branches, according to the matter whereon it is employed, and the manner of performing it. History of Engraving-Engraving is an art chiefly of modern invention; having its rise no earlier than the middle of the fifteenth century. The ancients, indeed, practised engraving on precious stones and crystals with very good success; and there are still many of their works remaining equal to any production of the later ages. But the art of engraving on plates and blocks of wood, to afford prints or impressions, was not known till after the invention of painting in oil. Of these last, the most ancient mode is that on wood; the first impressions on paper having been taken from carved wooden blocks. For this invention we are indebted to the brief-maleis, or makers of playing cards, who practised the art in Germany about the beginning of the fifteenth century. From the same source may perhaps be traced the first idea of moveable types, which appeared not long after; for these brief-malers did not entirely confine themselves to the printing and painting of cards, but produced also subjects of a more devout nature; many of which, taken from holy wit, are still preserved in German libraries, with the explanatory text facing the figures; the whole engraved in wood. Thus a species of books was formed; such as, Historia sancti Johannis, ejusque Visiones Apocalypticæ; Historia Veteris & Novi Testamenti, known by the name of the Poor Man's Bible. These short mementos were printed only on one side; and two of them being "Cristoferi faciem die quacunque tueris. Upon the invention of moveable types that branch one of whose prints of this kind is dated 1499. Many excellent works in chiaroscuro have been produced in France; and in Italy it was honoured with the performances of Titian and Parmegiano; but the attempts of Jackson, Kirkall, and others in England, have not been equally successful. A set of excellent prints in this way have lately been published by J. Skippe, esq. a connoisseur and dillettante. In Germany, about A. D. 1450, prints from engraved copper first made their appear ance. The earliest date of a copperplate print is indeed only 1461; but however faulty this print may be with respect to the drawing, or defective in point of taste, the mechanical part of the execution of it has by no means the appearance of being one of the first productions of the graver. We have also several other engravings evidently the work of the same master; in which the impressions are so neatly taken from the plates, and the engravings so clearly printed in every part, that, according to all appearance, they could not be executed in a much better manner in the present day, with all the conveniences which the copperplate printers now possess, and the additional knowledge they must necessarily have acquired in the course of more than three cen taries. Hence we may fairly conclude, that if they were not the first specimens of the engra |