Introduction to Electronic Warfare ModelingEW 101 has been a popular column in the Journal of Electronic Defense for a number of years. This compilation of tutorial articles from JED provides introductory level electronic warfare instruction for students of the discipline. |
Contents
Introduction | 1 |
111 Simulation in the EW Field | 2 |
12 EW Simulation Approaches | 3 |
122 Simulation | 4 |
123 Emulation | 5 |
13 Simulation for Training | 6 |
16 Fidelity in EW Simulation | 7 |
17 The Tactical Big Picture | 8 |
511 Antenna Pattern Definitions | 106 |
512 Polarization | 107 |
513 Types of Antennas | 109 |
514 Relationship Between Antenna Gain and Beam Width | 114 |
515 Determining Antenna Size | 116 |
52 Transmitters | 117 |
53 Receivers | 119 |
532 Receiver Subsystems | 125 |
18 Simulation Versus Life Cycle | 10 |
Overview of EW | 11 |
21 Radar | 12 |
212 Radar Modulations | 14 |
213 Radar Cross Section | 18 |
214 Radar Performance | 20 |
215 Types of Radars | 21 |
216 Missile Guidance Techniques | 22 |
217 References for Further Study | 26 |
221 Tactical Communications | 27 |
222 Data Links | 28 |
224 Communication Modulations | 32 |
23 Electronic Support | 35 |
232 Shipboard ESM Systems | 39 |
233 Battlefield Surveillance Systems | 40 |
24 Electronic Attack | 42 |
241 Jamming | 43 |
242 Communications Jamming | 44 |
243 Radar Jamming | 45 |
244 Standoff Jamming | 46 |
245 Selfprotection Jamming | 47 |
246 Cover Jamming | 48 |
247 Deceptive Jamming | 49 |
248 Deceptive Communications Jamming | 51 |
249 DirectedEnergy Weapons | 52 |
2411 Infrared Countermeasures | 53 |
2412 Chaff | 55 |
25 Decoys | 56 |
26 Electronic Protection | 59 |
Math for Simulation | 61 |
311 Conversion to dB Form | 63 |
312 Absolute Values in dB Form | 64 |
313 dB Forms of Equations | 65 |
314 Quick Conversions to dB Values | 66 |
32 Spherical Trigonometry | 68 |
322 Trigonometric Relationships in the Spherical Triangle | 70 |
324 EW Applications of Spherical Trigonometry | 72 |
33 The Poisson Theorem | 79 |
34 Digitization | 80 |
Radio Propagation | 83 |
42 Propagation Losses | 86 |
422 Atmospheric Loss | 88 |
423 Rain Loss | 89 |
43 Receiver Sensitivity | 90 |
44 Effective Range | 93 |
45 Radar Range Equation | 95 |
46 Range Limitation from Modulation | 97 |
47 Radar Detection Range | 99 |
481 Communication Jamming | 100 |
482 Standoff Jamming of a Radar | 101 |
483 Selfprotection Jamming | 103 |
Characterization of EW Equipment | 105 |
54 Processors | 126 |
542 Operator Interfaces | 127 |
552 NarrowBeam Antenna | 131 |
554 WatsonWatt | 132 |
555 Doppler | 133 |
557 Time Difference of Arrival | 135 |
558 Frequency Difference of Arrival | 136 |
Threat Modeling | 139 |
61 Modes of Operation | 140 |
612 TrackWhileScan Threats | 142 |
614 Airto Air Threats | 143 |
62 Modulations | 144 |
622 Continuous Signals | 145 |
63 Antenna Characteristics | 147 |
632 Radar Antennas | 148 |
633 Circular Scan | 149 |
634 Sector Scan | 150 |
636 Raster Scan | 151 |
637 Conical Scan | 152 |
638 Spiral Scan | 153 |
639 Palmer Scan | 154 |
6311 Lobe Switching | 155 |
6312 Lobe on Receive Only | 156 |
6314 ElectronicElevation Scan with MechanicalAzimuth Scan | 157 |
64 Signals Leaving Transmitter Site | 158 |
Engagement Modeling | 161 |
72 Players | 162 |
73 Location and Movement of Players | 166 |
74 Point of View | 167 |
75 Engagement Fidelity | 168 |
76 Electronic Interactions Between Players | 169 |
77 Running the Engagement | 170 |
78 Aircraft in Hostile Airspace | 171 |
79 Ship Attacked by Antiship Missile | 175 |
Simulation for Training | 183 |
81 Approaches to Training Simulation | 184 |
812 Realistic Panels | 185 |
813 Depicted Controls and Displays | 187 |
83 Required Fidelity | 188 |
832 ControlTime Fidelity | 189 |
833 Perceived Location Fidelity | 190 |
Simulation for Test and Evaluation | 191 |
Emulation | 193 |
102 Emulation Injection Points | 194 |
103 Advantages and Disadvantages of Injection Points | 197 |
1042 Receiver Emulation | 201 |
1043 Processor Emulation | 206 |
1053 Approach Selection | 210 |
Glossary | 213 |
About the Author | 217 |
| 219 | |
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Common terms and phrases
accuracy aircraft amplitude angle of arrival antenna gain array attenuation azimuth band bandwidth beam width bore sight chaff chaff cloud dB form detect determine dipole Directed-Energy Weapons direction of arrival distance Doppler Doppler shift effective radiated power emitter location Emulation enemy engagement equation equipment EW modeling EW simulation EW systems example fidelity frequency range friendly asset function gain pattern gaming area input isotropic antenna jammer lethal range linear log(F main beam mode modeling and simulation modulation observed power history operator output P₁ parameters phased array players polarization processor radar antenna ratio RCVR received signal receiver location receiving antenna resolution cell scan sensors ship shown in Figure side lobes signal strength spherical triangle spreading loss superhet target technique threat signal tion tracking training simulator transmission transmitting antenna typically velocity vector versus WBIF weapons XMTR