From the similar triangles ONM and OBT", we have,

From the right-angled triangle OAT, we have,

From the right-angled triangle OBT", we have,

OT/2 ŪB2 + BT2

=

; or, co-sec2a = 1 + cota. .(14.)

It is to be observed that Formulas (5), (7), (12), and (14), may be deduced from Formulas (4), (6), (11), and (13), by substituting 90°-a, for a, and then making the proper reductions.

M'

IN

MT

P'

A

the arc

AM" will be denoted

bya (Art. 48).

All the functions of AM"", will be the same as those of ABM""; that is, the functions of

α are the same as the func

tions of 360°. -α.

From an inspection of the fig

ure, we shall discover the following relations, viz.:

FUNCTIONS OF ARCS FORMED BY ADDING AN ARC TO, OR SUBTRACTING IT FROM ANY NUMBER OF QUADRANTS.

63. Let α denote any arc less than 90°.

has preceded, we know that,

From what

Now, suppose that BM' = a, then will AM' = 90° + ɑ.

We see from the figure that,

By a simple inspection of the figure, observing the rul for signs, we deduce the following relations:

without reference to their signs: hence, we have, as before, the following relations:

By a similar process, we may discuss the remaining arcs. in question. Collecting the results, we have the following

table:

It will be observed that, when the arc is added to, or subtracted from, an even number of quadrants, the name of the function is the same in both columns; and when the are is added to, or subtracted from, an odd number of quadrants, the names of the functions in the two columns are contrary in all cases, the algebraic sign is determined by the rules already given (Art. 58).

By means of this table, we may find the functions of any arc in terms of the functions of an arc less than 90°

61. Let MAM' be any arc, denoted by 2a, M'M its chord, and OA a radius drawn perpendicular to M'M: then will PM = PM PM', and AM AM' (B. III., P. VI.). But PM is the sine

M

M

that is, the sine of an arc is equal to one half the chord

of twice the arc.

Let M'AM = 60°; will equal the radius, or

then will AM = 30°,
30°, and M'M
1 hence, we have,

sin 30° = ;

that is, the sine of 30° is equal to half the radius.

Again, let

M'AM = 90° : then will AM = 45°, and

M'M = √2 (B. V., P. III.): hence, we have,