gynia class and order. Natural order of Lilia, or Liliaceæ. Coronaria, Linnæus. Narcissi, Jussien. Essential character: corolla bell-shaped; the tube cylindric; stamina declining. There are five species.

HEMIMERIS, in botany, a genus of the Didynamia Angiospermia class and order. Natural order of Personatæ. Scrophularia, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx fiveparted; corolla wheel-form; upper lip cloven, with a nectareous bag at the base. There are three species.

HEMIONITES, in botany, English mule fern, a genus of the Cryptogamia Filices, or Ferns. Generic character: capsules digested into lines, meeting together, either intersecting each other, or branched. There are eight species, natives of both Indies.

HEMISPHERE, in geometry, the half of a globe or sphere, when it is supposed to be cut through its centre in the plane of one of its great circles. Thus the equator divides the terrestrial globe into the northern and southern hemispheres: in the same manner the meridian divides the globe into the eastern and western hemispheres; and the horizon into two hemispheres, distinguished by the epithets upper and lower. See GLOBE and SPHERE.

The centre of gravity of an hemisphere is Ave-eighths of the radius distant from the

vertex.

HEMISPHERE is also used to denote a projection of half the terrestrial globe, or half the celestial sphere, on a plane, and frequently called planisphere.

HEMISTICH, in poetry, denotes half a verse, or a verse not completed.

Of this there are frequent examples in Virgil's Eneid; but whether they were left unfinished by design or not is disputed among the learned; such are, "Ferro accincta vocat," En. II. v.614. And “ Italiam non sponte sequor," Æn. IV. v. 361.

HEMP. See CANNABIS.

The cannabis sativa, or hemp-plant, is cultivated on account of its external filaments, which constitute the hemp used for cordage, canvass, cloth, &c. and the seeds abound with oil. This plant is annual; it rises quick into a tall slender sort of shrub ; its leaves growing by fives or sixes from the same pedicle, are a little jagged, and yield a strong smell which affects the head. The culture and management of hemp makes a considerable article in agriculture; requiring divers operations, as pulling, watering, beating, and swingling. It is sown in May, in a warm, sandy, rich soil; and is of itself

sufficient to destroy weeds on any ground. The first season for pulling hemp is usually about the middle of August, when they begin to pull the male plants, called fimble hemp. But the safer method is to pull it a fortnight or three weeks later, when the male plants have fully shed their farina, without which the seeds will prove only empty husks. At the second pulling, a little after Michaelmas, the female plants, called karle hemp, are taken out of the ground. This karle hemp is laid in the sun to dry, and then honsed, for the seed to be thrashed out. The female hemp alone produces seed to perpetuate the kind. The operations of harling, watering, breaking, swingling, and heckling hemp, are very much like those practised in the dressing of flax. The hemp imported into this country chiefly comes from Russia. Amongst it the Riga hemp deserves the preference, which according to the quality, is divided in rhyne, outshot, pass, and codilla hemp. The Italian, known in this country by the name of Bologna hemp, is of very prime quality, but comes too dear for the consumption of the northern parts of Europe. The best hemp should be clean, soft, tender, of long staple, and a sound palish-yellow colour, neither green nor red.

HEMIPTERA, half-winged, in natural history, the second order of insects, according to the Linnæan system. In this tribe the upper part of the wing-sheaths is of a tough or leathery texture; the lower part is membranaceous. Sometimes almost the whole wing-cover is leathery, but of a softer texture than the coleoptera. Grasshoppers, locusts, and the cicada, are contained in this division. The wing-covers in this order cross each other when closed, instead of meeting in a direct line. This order con. tains the following genera :

HEPATIC gas, the old name for sulphu retted hydrogen.

HEPIALUS. See PHALena. HEPTACHORD, in the ancient poetry, signified verses that were sung or played on seven chords, that is, on seven different notes. In this sense it was applied to the lyre, when it had but seven strings. One of the intervals is also called an heptachord, as containing the same number of degrees between the extremes.

HEPTAGON, in geometry, a figure consisting of seven sides, and as many angles. In a regular heptagon, the angle at the centre is 51°; the angle of the polygon is 128°. The area is the square of one of the sides multiplied by 3.6339, or if a equal the side, the area a2 x 3.634 nearly = a2 × {t, where t is the tangent of 64° half the angle of the polygon.

In fortification, a place is termed an hep. tagon, that has seven bastions for its defence.

HEPTAGONAL numbers, in arithmetic, a sort of polygonal numbers, wherein the difference of the terms of the corresponding arithmetical progression is 5. Arithmeticals 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, &c., and these added together, make Heptagonals 1, 7, 18, 34, 55, &c. One of the properties of these numbers is, that if they be multiplied by 40, and 9 be added to the product, the sum will be a square number.

Thus 1 x 40+9=

49= 72 7 × 40+9= 289172 18 X 40+9= 329 = 272 S4 X 40+9=1369 = 37a

55 × 40+ 9 = 2209 = 47a &c.

Here it is evident, that the series of squares thus formed, is 72, 172, 272, 372, 472, &c. the common difference of whose roots is 10, which is double the common difference of the arithmetical series from which the heptagonals are formed.

HEPTANDRIA, in botany, the seventh class in Linnæus's system, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which have seven stamina or male organs. There are four orders of this class, derived from the number of styles.

HEPTARCHY, a government of seven persons also a state or country divided into seven kingdoms, and governed by seven independent princes; in which sense it is particularly applied to the government of South Britain, when divided amongst the Saxons.

HERACLEUM, in botany, cow parsnep,
VOL. III.

a genus of the Pentandria Digynia class and order. Natural order of Umbellatæ or Umbelliferæ. Essential character: involucre caducous; corolla difform, inflex, emarginate; fruit elliptic, emarginate, compressed, striated, margined. There are six species, with several varieties.

HERALDRY. We shall commence this article with some account of the great and important services of the heralds in former times, how ancient heraldry hath been, their employments in war and peace, and in proclaiming and publishing weighty affairs.

As for their antiquity, they were in request among the ancient Greeks; Homer in his second book, speaks of nine heralds in the Grecian army; and with the Romans they were in such esteem, that Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome, instituted a society of heralds, and Ancus Martius, his grandson, and fourth king of Rome, erected a college for them.

Their business was to determine peace and war, leagues, agreements, wrongs offer. ed or taken by them or their enemies, and to execute martial messages, &c. and as the Romans strove chiefly to obtain honour, so the heralds distributed ornaments and rewards to all who performed worthy actions at home and abroad.

The Roman law strictly prohibited any to take up arms against an enemy, without the consent and approbation of these heralds, and one above the rest being called Pater Petratus, was crowned with vervain, from whence he became their chief, or king, either in denouncing war, or concluding peace, as now is practised in England.

In the time of Edward I. Thomas Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby, and constable of England, ordained, that no parson, curate, churchwarden, &c. should pull down any hatchment, coat of arms, or pennon, or eraze any tomb out of churches or church-yards; and also, that no goldsmith, coppersmith, glazier, painter, or marbler, have to do with arms, without the consent of the King of Arms of that province and that they should not set a merchant's mark within an escutcheon: which order was revived in 1707, by Henry Howard, earl of Bindon, deputy earlmarshal of England, with these additions, viz. that no engraver, chacer, carver, stone. cutter, coach-maker, funeral-undertaker, and others in the premises, should design, and appoint, to or for any persons, any arms, or ensigns armorial, &c. as they

The said Thomas Earl of Lancaster, also ordained, that (for the better observing of the aforesaid order) all the Kings of Arms should keep their chapters once every quarter of the year, at least, and that they should make their visitations in their provinces, or their marshals for them, every seventh year. And he likewise ordained, that the heralds, at the interment of every gentleman, (where they were called to that service) should take the pedigree, with diligent examination of old folks, and record the same.

The heralds, in former times, frequently attended their sovereigns in their wars abroad; and in their progress, were often dispatched to other princes, with messages of war, as defiances, &c. and if they received any violence or affront from those princes to whom they were sent, it was highly resented by him whom they served.

In the reign of King Edward III. Henry King of Castile sent an herald to the Black Prince, to know why he invaded his kingdom; and in 1415, King Henry V. of England, sending Antelope Pursuivant at Arms, from Southampton to the French King, to demand restitution of what he had detained wrongfully from him; the said King of France sent Montjoy King of Arms, from Roan, to assure King Henry he would give him battle.

The Emperor's herald defied Francis I. king of France; and giving his master all his titles, of Castile, Leon, Arragon, Naples, &c. in a long roll, King Francis commanded his heralds to receive the challenge, and to repeat Francis as many times as the other had kingdoms and petty titles.

At the baptism of Madame Isabelle de France, to whom King Henry VIII. of England was godfather, the infant's name was proclaimed by the king's and heralds of arms, both of France and England, having their coats of arms adorned with the arms of both kings.

In the year 1635, a French herald was sent from Paris to Flanders, where, by sound of trumpet, he denounced and proclaimed war against the King of Spain, and all his dominions, and fixed up and left the defiance in all the towns he passed.

Besides kings and princes, divers noble. men in ancient time had also their heralds and pursuivants, as in the reign of Richard II. anno 1379, the Earl of Northumberland sent an herald named Northumberland to

In 1436, the Duke of Gloucester sent his herald, named Pembroke, to defy the Duke of Burgundy; and the Duke of Bedford had his herald, named Bedford, whom he sent to defy Charles VII. of France.

In 1496, the thirteenth of Henry VII. the Earl of Surry sent Norroy king of arms, to the captain of Hayton-Castle, (which was one of the strongest places between Berwick and Edinburgh) to deliver him the said castle, which he refused; and whilst the said Earl lay at Hayton, the King of Scotland sent to him Marchmont, and another herald, with a challenge, either to fight army to army, or person to person.

Heralds have likewise been employed in justs and tournaments; and as to shields and arms, we read that King Henry III. in the twenty-eighth of his reign, anno 1244, commanded the keepers of the Archbishoprick of Canterbury, that they caused to be brought a fair stone, to be laid upon the body of Gerald Fitz-Maurice, who was justice of Ireland, and died at Canterbury, and also commanded them to set thereon his shield with his arms. And thus much may suffice to show the antiquity of heralds, and in some measure their use; next of their college.

Of the College of Heralds. This college is seated upon St. Bennet's Hill, near Doctor's Commons, and was the ancient house of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby, who married Margaret Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII.; and the Duke of Norfolk, having in lieu thereof exchanged lands with the crown, he procured the same to be bestowed by Queen Mary on the King's heralds and pursuivants of arms for ever; to the end that they might reside together, (if they pleased) and assemble and agree together, for the good government of their faculty, and that their records might be there safely preserved, &c.

Since the fire of London, 1666, which consumed the whole house, it is fairly and conveniently rebuilt, with a large room for the keeping the Court of Honour, together with a library and houses and apartments for the officers thereto belonging.

They were made a college or corporation by charter of King Richard III. and by him (being wholly employed and entrusted in regulating all affairs belonging to the noble science of arms) had several privileges granted them, as to be free from subsidies, tolls, and all manner of offices in the

kingdom; all which privileges were confirmed by King Edward VI. in the third of his reign; and for their regular proceedings have a public signet, wherewith they seal and authorise all business concerted in the office.

Of this collegiate society are (besides the Earl Marshal, who is their head) three kings of arms, six heralds, and four pursuivants; of all which, we will speak in their order.

Of the Earl Marshal. This great office, which is hereditary in the noble family of Howard, Dukes of Norfolk, (descended by the mother's side from Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, the first Earl Marshal of England) which office is now held by his Grace Charles Duke of Norfolk; and by the statute of S1 Henry VIII. has his place next after the Lord Great Chamberlain, and Constable, and before the Lord High Admiral, and Lord Steward of the King's house..

This officer, who is governor of the college of heralds, has sometimes been the King's lieutenant general in martial affairs, and is an Earl by his office, which no other officer in England is.

The Earl Marshal's court was held in the college of heralds, wherein he took cognizance of all matters of war and arms, being commonly guided by the civil law.

He determines all questions and differences that may arise between the heralds and other persons, concerning pedigrees, honour, arms, crest, supporters, and ensigns armorial; and he, or his deputy, being judge and head of the college, has power of making rules, ordinances, and decrees, for regulating thereof.

As in the college of heralds, the arms of all the families and names in England are (or ought to be) recorded, together with the time when their arms were granted, and upon what occasion; and as in the said office every man's fame and dignity is preserved, so his Lordship hath power by special commission, under the great seal of England, of prohibiting the provincial kings (which are Clarencieux and Norroy) to give and grant any new arms without his Lordship's consent; and when any such are usurped, and unjustly borne, he has power to examine and disclaim the same, and to punish the parties that shall falsely assume the arms of another.

He bears a staff of gold tipped with black, having the king's arms enamelled on one end, and his own at the other, and takes his place with the Lord Great Cham.

berlain, or the Constable, next before the sword.

At a coronation the Earl Marshal has the ordering of the Abbey of Westminster, and sees the regalities and robes of King Edward the Confessor to be in a readiness, where the solemnity is held.

He appoints the building of the throne whereon the King or Queen is to be crowned, and gives orders to the gentlemen-ushers, for the covering and furnishing thereof with hangings, chairs, carpets, cushions, &c.

At such time the Earl Marshal is one of those that does all the nearest offices to the King's person, as to help to lead him, aud to support his Majesty in his chair, putting his hand, with others of the nobility, to set the crown on his head, doing his homage first, and then presenting the nobility in their several degrees, being all vested in their robes of estate, wearing their coronets when they do their homage.

At the creation of any great estate, as Duke, Marquis, or Earl, the Earl Marshal has the furniture of the said estate, or a composition for it, as also by ancient custom he has had the like of archbishops, bishops, and abbots, at their consecrations.

At the funeral obsequies of kings, queens, and princes, the Earl Marshal is a chief commissioner appointed with the Lord Treasurer, the Lord Great Chamberlain, and others of the Lords of the King's Council, to give orders to the wardrobe, for the distribution of black for mourners, for the furnishing the hearse with velvets, palls of cloth of gold, escutcheons, banners, and hatchments, giving charge to the officers of arms to give their attendance, and to see all things royally and princely performed.

Assisted by the kings and heralds, he marshals and orders the proclamation and coronation of our kings, their marriages, christenings, funerals, cavalcades, royal interviews, feasts, &c.; and also when war or peace is proclaimed: so that he keeps a court of chivalry in the common hall of the college of heralds, where they sit as his council and assistants, in, their rich coats of his Majesty's arms, being all the King's servants in ordinary: and besides these, there are six proctors, who are to plead all causes relating to coats of arms, that are tried before the Earl Marshal, or his deputy, in the college of heralds.

The manner of admitting officers into the College of Arms is as follows:

At their first entry, they are commended to the Sovereign by a bill signed by the