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absorption angle angular aphelion appears astronomical atmosphere axis bright lines called carbon causes celestial sphere centre changes chemical chromosphere circle colour comet dark lines density diameter direction disc distance earth ecliptic equator equatorial fixed stars force Fraunhofer lines give gravity heat heavenly bodies hemisphere horizon hydrogen increase iron Jupiter known latitude length lens light magnetic Mars mass mean measured meridian metallic meteorites meteors miles mineral moon moon's motion move nearly nebula needle northern hemisphere observed ocean orbit parallax particles passing perihelion period photographic photosphere planet point of Aries pole portion position precession pressure prism produced proper motion rays refraction revolution right ascension rocks rotation round the sun seen sidereal sidereal day sodium solar spectrum spectra spectroscope spots substance sun's surface telescope temperature terrestrial tides tion Uranus vapour velocity Venus vernier vertical vibrations waves winds zenith