A Manual of Civil Engineering |
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Common terms and phrases
A₁ A₂ abutments angle of repose applied arch Article bars beam bending bending moment breadth cast iron catenary centre line centre of gravity chain co-ordinates computed consists cross-section cubic foot curvature curve cylinder deflection denote depth diameter direction distance engineering equal equation extrados factor of safety feet figure fixed formula frame girder given greatest horizontal intensity joint layer length line of action load longitudinal M₁ masonry material means modulus moment of inertia neutral axis P₁ pair parabola parallel forces parallel projection perpendicular piece plane points of support position pressure principles proportion radius ratio represent resistance resultant shearing force shearing stress side slope span spandril square inch station station-line stone straight line strength stress structure struts surface tangent telescope tenacity tension theodolite thickness thrust timber transverse triangle uniform vertical weight wrought iron
Popular passages
Page 313 - The properties of earth with respect to adhesion and friction are so variable that the engineer should never trust to tables or to information obtained from books to guide him in designing earthworks, when he has it in his power to obtain the necessary data either by observation of existing earthworks in the same stratum or by experiment.
Page 378 - Rankine'e rule for the proportion of stones : " In order that the stones may not be liable to be broken across, no stone of a soft material, such as the weaker kinds of sandstone and granular limestone, should have a length greater than 3 times its depth. In harder materials the length may be 4 or 5 times the depth. The breadth in soft material may range from lj time to double the depth; in hard materials it may be 3 times the depth.
Page 797 - Text from HEYNE and WAGNER. English Notes, original, and selected from the leading German and English Commentators. Illustrations from the antique. Complete in One Volume.
Page 171 - Friction is that force which acts between two bodies at their surface of contact so as to resist their sliding on each other, and which depends on the force with which the bodies are pressed together.
Page 149 - Cases I. and II. (B) ; to a couple, as in Case III. (C) ; to a force, combined with a couple whose axis is parallel to the line of action of the force, as in Cases IV. and V. This can occur...
Page 403 - The objects of this are, at once to distribute the pressure over a greater area than that of any bed-joint in the body of the wall, and to diffuse that pressure more equally, by bringing the centre of resistance nearer to the middle of the base than it is in the body of the wall. The power of earth to support foundations has already been considered in Article 199.
Page 501 - ... bubbling or agitation ; but a larger proportion is not to be used, as it would make the steel brittle. The presence of manganese in the iron, or its introduction into the crucible or vessel in which steel is made, improves the steel by increasing its toughness and making it easier to weld and forge. Steel is distinguished by the property of tempering; that is to say, it can be hardened by sudden cooling from a high temperature, and softened by gradual cooling; and its degree of hardness or softness...
Page 783 - The first result of the experiment was to show conclusively that the retarding effect of a wheel sliding upon a rail is much less than when braked with such a force as would just allow it to continue to revolve.
Page 42 - CB : CA : : sin A : sin B. For, with A as a centre, and AD equal to the less side...
Page 723 - ... a reliable purifier of water tainted with animal impurities. Among other purifying agents may be mentioned, distillation, the exposure of water in minute divided currents to the air, the immersion of pieces of charcoal or of iron wire, and the effects of plants and fish. In store reservoirs, the presence of a moderate quantity of living plants exerts a decidedly purifying influence, while the destruction of fish has been followed by an excessive multiplication of the small crustacean animals...