BEER MEASURE, to measure Malt Liquors and Milk.

The Wine, or Apothecaries' gallon, contains 231 cubic inches; the Beer gallon 282 cub. in.; the English standard, or Imperial gallon, 277.274 cub in. The old measures, tierce, hogshead, puncheon, &c., are not used.

CLOTH MEASURE, used for measuring Cloth, &c.

LONG MEASURE, used for Length and Distance.

3 barleycorns (b.c.). make 1 inch,

in.

12

inches

..

make 1 foot,

ft.

............

..

make 1 rod or pole,

r.

............

make 1 furlong,

fur.

.........

make 1 mile,

m.

...........

69.5 miles

make 1 degree on the

make 1 square mile, sq. m.

60 seconds (sec.) 60 minutes.......

24 hours.

365 days

366 days

..

.............

...........

..

.....

make 1 minute,

min.

365 dys. 5 h. 48 min. and 48 sec. make 1 solar year.

The year is divided into 12 months. The number

of days in each month may be learned thus:

The 4th, 11th, 9th and 6th,
Have 30 days to each affixed:
All the rest have 31,
Except the 2d month alone,
Which hath but 28 in fine,
Till leap year gives it 29.

Or as follows:

Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November:
All the rest have thirty-one,
Except February alone,

To which we twenty-eight assign,
Till leap year gives it twenty-nine.

The Leap Years are all those that are divisible by 4, as, 1840; 1844; except the centennial years, 1800; 1900, &c.

REDUCTION OF COMPOUND NUMBERS.

Reduction is the changing of quantities from one denomination to another; as feet to miles, or miles to feet; pounds to pence, or pence to pounds.

ENGLISH MONEY.

1. How many farthings are there in 6 pence? 9 pence? 1 shilling?

2. How many pence in 4 shillings? 10 shillings? 1 pound?

3. How many shillings in 6 pounds? 9 pounds? 18 pounds?

4. 400 farthings are how many pence? How many shillings?

5. 360 pence are how many shillings? How many pounds?

6. In £1 2s. 3d. 3qr. how many shillings? How many pence? How many farthings?

In £26 11s. 9d.

EXAMPLES FOR THE BOARD.

2qr., how many farthings?

We first find the number of shillings, by multiplying the pounds by 20, and adding in the 11 shillings. We then find how many pence, by multiplying the shillings by 12, and adding in the 9 pence. Finally, we find how many farthings, by multiplying the pence by 4, and adding in the 2 farthings.

In 25526 farthings, how many pounds?

4) 25526 qr.

12) 6381 d. 2 qr.

There will evidently be fewer pounds than farthings, and we therefore divide the farthings by 4, the number required to make 1 penny. We find there are 6381d. 2qr. Divide the pence by 12, the number required to make 1 shilling, and we find there are 531s. 9d. Finally, dividing the shillings by Ans. £26 11s. 9d. 2gr. 20, the number that make 1 pound, we find

20)531 s. 9 d.

26£ 11 s.

there £26 11s.

If there are decimals in the number to be reduced, work with them, as with whole numbers.

7. Reduce 13s. 11d. to pence, and to farthings. Reduce 13.9166s. to farthings.

8. Reduce £2 5s. 3d. to pence, and to farthings. In £2.2625, how many pounds, shillings, and pence? 9. Reduce 4401 farthings to pounds, shillings, pence and farthings.

10. Reduce £4.076 to farthings.

11. Reduce 569 pence to pounds, shillings and pence?

TROY WEIGHT.

12. How many pounds are there in 72 ounces? 96. ounces?

13. How many ounces in 180 dwt.? 60 dwt.? 240dwt.?

14. How many ounces in 2 pounds? How many dwt.?

15 In 2lb. 1oz. 19dwt. how many dwt.?

EXAMPLES FOR THE BOARD.

How many grains in 21lb. 7oz. 19dwt. 3gr.?
How many lb., oz., dwt., and gr., in 11.0644lb.?
How many pounds, &c., in 124779 grains?

16. Reduce .079631b. to grains.

17. How many pounds, &c., in 400381 grains?

18. How many dwt. in 16lb. 14dwt.? In 21.594lb.? 19. Reduce 17900 grains to pounds, &c.

20. In 30810.06 grains how many pounds, &c.?

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

21. How many scruples in a pound? How many grains ?

22. How many pounds in 192 drams? In 1920 drams?

23. Reduce 19lb. 83 33 19 19gr., to grains.

24. Reduce 944709.2 grains to pounds and the decimal of a pound?

25. In 6.044lb. how many pounds, scruples, &c? How many grains ?

26. How many doses of 10 gr. each in 7lb. 03 73 29 of calomel?

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

27. How many pounds in a hundred-weight? In a ton?

28. How many pounds in 746 drams? How many quarters?

29. Reduce 1T. 13cwt. 271b. to grains. Reduce 1.695T. to tons, hundred-weight, pounds, &c. 30. Reduce 5518700 drams to tons, &c.

31. A grocer bought 18.7187cwt. of sugar for $155.75. What did he give per pound?

32. How many hundred-weight of coffee, at 9 cents a pound, can be bought for $276.81?

DRY MEASURE.

33. How many quarts in a bushel? How many pints?

34. How many pints in 63 bushels and 1 quart?