BOOK VIII.

THE THREE ROUND BODIES.

Definitions.

1. A cylinder is the solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle ABCD, conceived to turn about the immoveable side AB.

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In this movement, the sides AD, BC, continuing always perpendicular to AB, describe equal circles DHP, CGQ, which are called E the bases of the cylinder, the side CD at the same time describing the convex surface.

The immoveable line AB is called the axis of the cylinder.

Every section KLM, made in the cylinder, at right angles to the axis, is a circle equal to F either of the bases; for, whilst the rectangle ABCD turns about AB, the line KI, perpendicular to AB, describes a circle, equal to the base, and this circle is nothing else than the section made perpendicular to the axis at the point I.

Every section PQG, made through the axis, is a rectangle double of the generating rectangle ABCD.

2. A cone is the solid generated by the revolution of a rightangled triangle SAB, conceived to turn about the immoveable side SA.

In this movement, the side AB describes a circle BDCE, named the buse of the cone; the hypothenuse SB describes the convex surface of the cone.

The point S is named the vertex of the cone, SA the axis or the altitude, and SB the side or the apothem.

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Every section HKFI, at right angles to the axis, is a circle; every section SDE, through the axis, is an isosceles triangle, double of the generating triangle SAB.

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3. If from the cone S-CDB, the cone S-FKH be cut off by a plane parallel to the base, the remaining solid CBHF is called a truncated cone, or the frustum of a cone.

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We may conceive it to be generated by the revolution of a trapezoid ABHG, whose angles A and G are right angles, about the side AG. The immoveable line AG is called the axis or altitude of the frustum, the circles BDC, HEK, are its bases, and BH is its side.

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4. Two cylinders, or two cones, are similar, when their axes are to each other as the diameters of their bases. 5. If in the circle ACD, which forms the N base of a cylinder, a polygon ABCDE be inscribed, a right prism, constructed on this F base ABCDE, and equal in altitude to the cylinder, is said to be inscribed in the cylinder, or the cylinder to be circumscribed about the prism.

The edges AF, BG, CH, &c. of the prism, being perpendicular to the plane of the base, are evidently included in the convex surface of the cylinder; hence the prism and the cylinder touch one another along these edges.

6. In like manner, if ABCD is a polygon, circumscribed about the base of a cylinder, a right prism, constructed on this base ABCD, and equal in altitude to the cylinder, is said to be circumscribed about the cylinder, or the cylinder to be inscribed in the prism.

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7. If in the circle ABCDE, which forms the base of a cone, any polygon ABCDE be inscribed, and from the vertices A, B, C, D, E, lines be drawn to S, the vertex of the cone, these lines may be regarded as the sides of a pyramid whose base is the polygon ABCDE and vertex S. The sides of this pyramid are in the convex A surface of the cone, and the pyramid is said to be inscribed in the cone.

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Let M, N, &c. be the points of contact in the sides AB, BC, &c.; and through the points M, N, &c. let MX, NY, &c. be drawn A perpendicular to the plane of the base: these perpendiculars will evidently lie both in the surface of the cylinder, and in that of the circumscribed prism; hence they will be their lines of

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contact.

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8. The sphere is a solid terminated by a curved surface, all the points of which are equally distant from a point within, called the centre.

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The sphere may be conceived to be generated by the revolution of a semicircle DAE about its diameter DE: for the surface described in this movement, by the curve DAE, will have all its points A equally distant from its centre C.

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9. Whilst the semicircle DAE revolving round its diameter DE, describes the sphere; any circular sector, as DCF or FCH, describes a solid, which is named a spherical sector.

10. The radius of a sphere is a straight line drawn from the centre to any point of the surface; the diameter or axis is a line passing through this centre, and terminated on both sides by the surface.

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All the radii of a sphere are equal; all the diameters are equal, and each double of the radius.

11. It will be shown (Prop. VII.) that every section of the sphere, made by a plane, is a circle: this granted, a great circle is a section which passes through the centre; a small circle, is one which does not pass through the centre.

12. A plane is tangent to a sphere, when their surfaces have but one point in common.

13. A zone is a portion of the surface of the sphere included between two parallel planes, which form its bases. One of these planes may be tangent to the sphere; in which case, the zone has only a single base.

14. A spherical segment is the portion of the solid sphere, included between two parallel planes which form its bases. One of these planes may be tangent to the sphere; in which case, the segment has only a single base.

15. The altitude of a zone or of a segment is the distance between the two parallel planes, which form the bases of the zone or segment.

Note. The Cylinder, the Cone, and the Sphere, are the three round bodies treated of in the Elements of Geometry.

PROPOSITION I. THEOREM.

The convex surface of a cylinder is equal to the circumference of its base multiplied by its altitude.

Let CA be the radius of the given cylinder's base, and H its altitude : the circumference whose radius is CA being represented by circ. CA, we are to show that the convex surface of H the cylinder is equal to circ. CA × H.

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PROPOSITION II. THEOREM.

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Inscribe in the circle any regular polygon, BDEFGA, and construct on this polygon a right prism having its altitude equal to H, the altitude of the cylin der: this prism will be inscribed in the cylinder. The convex surface of the prism is equal to the perimeter of the polygon, multiplied by the altitude H (Book VII. Prop. I.). Let now the arcs which subtend the sides of the polygon be continually bisected, and the number of sides of the polygon indefinitely increased: the perimeter of the polygon will then become equal to circ. CA (Book V. Prop. VIII. Cor. 2.), and the convex surface of the prism will coincide with the convex surface of the cylinder. But the convex surface of the prism is equal to the perimeter of its base multiplied by H, whatever be the number of sides: hence, the convex surface of the cylinder is equal to the circumference of its base multiplied by its altitude.

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The solidity of a cylinder is equal to the product of its base by its altitude.

Let CA be the radius of the base of the cylinder, and H the altitude. Let the circle whose radius is CA be represented by area CA, it is to be proved that the solidity of the cylinder is equal to area CAx H. Inscribe in the circle any regular polygon BDEFGA, and construct on this polygon a right prism having its altitude equal to H, the altitude of the cylinder: this prism will be inscribed in the cylinder. The solidity of the prism will be equal to the area of the polygon multiplied by the altitude H (Book VII. Prop. XIV.). Let now the number of sides of the polygon be indefinitely increased: the solidity of the new prism will still be equal to its base multiplied by its altitude.

But when the number of sides of the polygon is indefinitely increased, its area becomes equal to the area CA, and its perimeter coincides with circ. CA (Book V. Prop. VIII. Cor. 1. & 2.); the inscribed prism then coincides with the cylinder, since their altitudes are equal, and their convex surfaces perpendicular to the common base: hence the two solids will be equal; therefore the solidity of a cylinder is equal to the product of its base by its altitude.

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Cor. 1. Cylinders of the same altitude are to each other as their bases; and cylinders of the same base are to each other as their altitudes.

Cor. 2. Similar cylinders are to each other as the cubes of their altitudes, or as the cubes of the diameters of their bases. For the bases are as the squares of their diameters; and the cylinders being similar, the diameters of their bases are to each other as the altitudes (Def. 4.); hence the bases are as the squares of the altitudes; hence the bases, multiplied by the altitudes, or the cylinders themselves, are as the cubes of the altitudes.

Scholium. Let R be the radius of a cylinder's base; H the altitude the surface of the base will be 7.R2 (Book V. Prop. XII. Cor. 2.); and the solidity of the cylinder will be "R2x H, or π. π.R2.H.