39 Extraction of the Square Root.... 126 of the Roots of all Pow- Tables of Weight, Measure, &c. 39 to 48 Explanation, Notation, and Nume- Reduction of Compound Numbers To find the value of a Decimal, &c. To find the value of articles sold by 50 Further Use of the Square Root... 133 53 Further Use of the Cube Root..... 134 58 Table of Foreign Coins....... 136 Exchange with Great Britain..... 137 Bills of Exchange, both above and Exchange with France........... 139 Do. with Holland, Hamburg, Supplement to Cubic Measure..... 145 Cubic and Square Measure...... 146 Multiplication Contracted. And Difference of Longitude given, to find the Difference of Time... 147 66 To find the Area of a globe or ball, 61 ib. ib. ARITHMETIC. ARITHMETIC is the art and science of computing by numbers: the rules upon which all its operations depend, are Notation, Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division. NOTATION. NOTATION teaches to write and express words by the ten Arabic characters, called figures, or digits: viz. NOTATION BY LETTERS. To learn the following table, begin at the left hand column, and read thus: one I. is one, two II. are two, three III. are 3, IV. are 4, &c. By the ten arabic figures all numbers are expressible. The figure in the first place, reckoning from right to left, denotes only its simple value; that in the second place, ten times its simple value; that in the third, a hundred times its simple value, and so on; always ten times its former value. Thus, write the figures five thousand eight hundred and thirtyfour (5834); the 4 in the first place counts four; the second figure 3 counts thirty; 8 in the third place eight hundred; and 5 in the fourth place five thousand. A cipher counts nothing by itself; but annexed (to a whole number) increases its value in a tenfold proportion: thus 6 counts only six; but place a cipher to the right hand, thus 60, and it reads sixty. EXAMPLES. Write in figures the following numbers: Sixteen. Twenty-two. Forty-four. Seventy-five. One hundred and twenty. Six hundred and two. One thousand one hundred and eleven. Sixteen thousand seven hundred and seven. Two hundred twelve thousand and eight hundred. One million one hundred eleven thousand one hundred and ten. Ten million ten hundred thousand and ten hundred. Eight hundred seventy-six millions, five hundred forty-three thousand and ten; &c. &c. Questions.-What is arithmetic? What is an art? (An art is a collection of rules and precepts for doing a thing with ease and accuracy; an art is knowledge in practice, as weaving or gardening.) What is science? (Science is a system of any branch of knowledge, comprehending its doctrine, reason, and theory; it is knowledge in theory, as theology, or physic.) What is notation? What are the names of the ten Arabic figures? NUMERATION. NUMERATION teaches the reading of any number (or series) of figures. NUMERATION TABLE, SHOWING THE PLACE OF 1 units, 21 tens, Nonillions 222,222 321 hundreds, 4,321 thousands 54,321 tens of thousands, 654,321 hundreds of thousands, 7,654,321 millions, 87,654,321 tens of millions, 987,654,321 hundreds of millions, 9,987,654,321 thousands of millions, 99,987,654,321 tens of thousands of millions, 999,987,654,321 hundreds of thousands of millions, 9,999,987,654,321 billions, 99,999,987,654,321 tens of billions, 999,999,987,654,321 hundreds of billions, 9,999,999,987,654,321 thousands of billions, 99,999,999,987,654,321 tens of thousands of billions, 999,999,999,987,654,321 hundreds of thousands of billions. Octillions Septillions Sectillions Quintillions Quadrillions Trillions 222,222 Questions. What is Numeration? How must figures be numerated? In what manner should figures be read? Why do we numerate figures from the right hand to the left? In what proportion do they increase in value? How many units are there in ten? How many tens in a hundred? How many in a thousand? How many hundred in a thousand? How many thousand in a million? ADDITION. The following numbers may be put to the pupil in separate questions, by the teacher, thus, How many are 1 and 1. 1 and 1 2 and 1 3 and 14 and 1 7 25 35 5 and 16 and 1 216 36 46 7 6 1234567 ༠༤༠༠ལྷ 1 213 23 1 10 12 111 &c. &c. 816 1. If you have two apples in one hand, and one in the other, and four in your pocket, how many have you in all? 2. James gave 8 cents for a purse and had 6 cents left to put in it: how many cents had he at first? 3. How many are 12 and 8? 4. William paid 8 cents for a copy-book, 10 cents for an inkstand, and 3 cents for quills: how many cents did he pay out? 5. Charles bought a hat for 2 dollars, a coat for 7 dollars, and pantaloons for 4 dollars: how many dollars did the three cost him? 6. Samuel paid 3 cents for candy, 4 cents for apples, and 10 cents for a primer: how many cents did he pay out? ADDITION. ADDITION is the adding of two or more numbers into one sum total, or amount. RULE. Set the given numbers under each other, with units under units, tens under tens, hundreds under hundreds, &c. Then draw a line under the lowest number, and begin at the units or right hand column, add all the column together-set down the sum when less than ten; if ten, or more, set down the right hand figure, and add the left (hand figure) to the next column: and thus proceed to the last column, and set down the whole amount of it. PROOF. Perform the operation a second time, agreeably to the rule; but in one case begin at the bottom, and in the other at the top. Or, Reserve one of the given numbers, find the sum of the rest, and thereto add the number reserved. NOTE. The reason of carrying one for every ten is evident from what has been taught in Notation, because ten in any column is just equal to one in the next left hand column. ADDITION TABLE. Read it thus: 2 and 2 are 4: 2 and 3 are 5, &c. |