The Ever-Changing Sky: A Guide to the Celestial SphereThe Ever-Changing Sky provides a comprehensive and non-mathematical guide to spherical astronomy. The reader is guided through terrestrial and celestial co-ordinate systems, time measurement and celestial navigation, to the prediction of the rising and setting of the stars, Sun and Moon. It focuses on the geometrical aspects of the night sky without using complex trigonometry. The book progresses to a general study of the Earth and sky, including the stars and constellations (with useful star maps provided), the motions and appearance of the Moon, tides and eclipses, the orbits of the planets and the smaller bodies of the Solar System (asteroids, meteors, meteorites and comets). Finally, there is a brief overview of atmospheric phenomena (including rainbows and haloes). This text will be invaluable to students taking courses in naked-eye astronomy, amateur and professional astronomers, as well as more general readers wanting to know how the night sky changes. |
Contents
The Earth and the celestial sphere | 1 |
11 Angles on a plane | 2 |
12 Angles on a sphere | 5 |
13 Poles and secondaries | 8 |
14 Coordinates | 9 |
15 The Earth | 10 |
16 The sky or celestial sphere | 14 |
17 The celestial poles and equator | 18 |
85 Satellite navigation | 219 |
The Moon | 220 |
92 The lunar phases | 221 |
93 Synodic and sidereal periods | 233 |
94 Visible aspects of the Moon | 234 |
95 The Moons orbit | 239 |
96 The elements of an orbit | 244 |
97 Perturbations of the orbit | 249 |
18 North south east and west | 21 |
altitude and azimuth | 22 |
110 The orientation of the celestial sphere | 25 |
The moving Earth and the traveling observer | 28 |
daily paths | 30 |
23 Units of time | 32 |
24 The rising and setting of stars | 34 |
the astronomical triangle | 38 |
26 Stars on the meridian | 42 |
27 Maximum and minimum azimuths | 45 |
the Foucault pendulum | 48 |
210 South to the equator | 50 |
211 Into the southern hemisphere | 52 |
rules of rising and setting | 53 |
The orbital motion of the Earth | 55 |
32 The ecliptic path | 58 |
34 The ecliptic and the seasons | 61 |
35 The ecliptic and the horizon | 62 |
36 The changing ecliptic | 63 |
37 Solar time | 67 |
38 The position of the Sun | 70 |
39 The daily path of the Sun | 71 |
310 The origin of the seasons | 73 |
311 Ideal sunrise and sunset | 74 |
312 The tropics arctic and antarctic | 76 |
313 Solar and sidereal days | 80 |
314 Sidereal time | 83 |
315 Right ascension and declination | 84 |
316 Right ascension hour angle and sidereal time | 86 |
317 Setting the astronomical telescope | 88 |
318 Celestial or ecliptic coordinates | 89 |
319 A summary of coordinates | 92 |
Stars and constellations | 93 |
41 The constellations | 94 |
43 The modern constellations | 102 |
44 The defunct constellations | 105 |
45 Asterisms and other groups | 107 |
46 The brightnesses and colors of the stars | 112 |
47 The names of the stars | 117 |
48 Star and constellation maps | 125 |
the heliacal rising | 128 |
411 Double stars | 129 |
412 Variable stars | 131 |
413 Exploding stars | 133 |
414 The Milky Way | 134 |
415 Star clusters | 136 |
416 Nebulae | 141 |
417 Galaxies | 142 |
Precession nutation and aberration | 145 |
53 The cause of precession | 147 |
54 Polar motion | 149 |
55 Precession of the equinoxes | 151 |
56 Changes in coordinates | 153 |
57 The visibility of the constellations | 157 |
58 The length of the year | 158 |
510 Planetary precession | 159 |
511 Aberration of starlight | 160 |
Time | 163 |
62 The Earths orbit | 164 |
63 Local mean solar time and the equation of time | 166 |
64 Standard and Universal Time | 169 |
65 The Astronomical Almanac | 173 |
66 The international date line | 174 |
68 Sidereal time | 177 |
69 The determination of time | 179 |
610 Clocks and the Earths rotation | 183 |
611 Modern timekeeping | 185 |
612 Time services and time signals | 189 |
Sunrise and sunset | 193 |
72 Refraction | 194 |
73 The location and time of sunrise and sunset | 196 |
finding sunset and sunrise | 198 |
75 The visible horizon | 200 |
76 Twilight | 201 |
Positions in the sky and on Earth | 204 |
82 Star catalogues and atlases | 208 |
83 Celestial navigation | 211 |
84 Precise terrestrial position | 216 |
98 The parallax of the Moon | 251 |
99 Librations of the Moon | 253 |
910 Occultations | 254 |
basic concepts | 255 |
true time and azimuth | 258 |
Tides eclipses and calendars | 262 |
102 Tides and the Sun | 263 |
103 Tides and orbits | 265 |
104 Prediction of the tides | 266 |
105 Tidal effects on the Moon | 267 |
106 Eclipses | 268 |
107 Eclipse conditions and seasons | 270 |
108 Frequency and prediction | 275 |
109 The path and duration of a solar eclipse | 279 |
1010 The saros | 282 |
1011 The phenomena of the lunar eclipse | 283 |
1012 The phenomena of the solar eclipse | 285 |
1013 The Moon and the calendar | 288 |
The planets | 292 |
112 Names and identification | 297 |
113 Planetary aspects | 299 |
114 Synodic periods | 302 |
115 Retrograde motion | 304 |
116 Phases and brightness | 306 |
117 Transits and cycles | 308 |
118 Old theories of planetary motion | 310 |
119 The revolution | 312 |
1110 Newtons laws and gravity | 316 |
1111 Generalization of Keplers laws | 318 |
1112 True orbits | 320 |
1113 Uranus Neptune and Pluto | 321 |
1114 The final step | 322 |
1115 Chaos | 323 |
1116 Spaceflight | 324 |
physical natures of the planets | 328 |
1118 Astrology | 340 |
The small bodies of the Solar System | 346 |
122 Asteroids | 354 |
123 Comets | 355 |
124 Meteors | 363 |
125 Meteorites | 368 |
126 The zodiacal light | 373 |
127 The origin of the Solar System | 375 |
Light and the atmosphere | 378 |
132 The spectrum | 379 |
133 Reflection of light | 381 |
135 Dispersion | 382 |
136 Diffraction | 383 |
137 Polarization | 386 |
138 Telescopes | 387 |
139 Reflecting telescopes | 388 |
1310 Telescope aberrations | 392 |
1311 Resolving power | 393 |
1312 Observatories | 395 |
1313 Amateur telescopes | 400 |
1314 The blue sky | 403 |
atmospheric extinction | 404 |
1316 Sunsets | 408 |
1318 Noctilucent clouds | 409 |
1319 Sun pillars | 410 |
1322 Atmospheric refraction | 411 |
1323 Seeing and scintillation | 412 |
1324 Atmospheric dispersion | 415 |
1326 Rainbows | 416 |
1327 Coronae | 419 |
1328 Halos and sundogs | 420 |
1329 Unidentified flying objects | 423 |
1330 The aurora | 425 |
1331 The sky | 431 |
Graphs and tables | 432 |
Star maps | 456 |
Trigonometric relationships | 463 |
A32 Spherical trigonometry | 467 |
A33 The astronomical triangle | 468 |
A34 Equatorial and celestial coordinates | 472 |
Bibliography | 476 |
480 | |
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Common terms and phrases
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