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PLANE GEOMETRY.

INTRODUCTORY DEFINITIONS.

1. Mathematics is the science of quantity.

2. Quantity is that which can be measured; as distance, time, weight.

3. Geometry is that branch of mathematics which treats of the properties of extension.

4. Extension has one or more of the three dimensions, length, breadth, or thickness.

5. A Point has position, but not magnitude.

6. A Line has length, without breadth or thickness.

7 A Straight Line is one whose direction

is the same throughout; as A B.

A

B

A straight line has two directions exactly opposite, of which either may be assumed as its direction.

The word line, used alone in this book, means a straight line.

8. Corollary. Two points of a line determine its position.

9. A Curved Line is one whose direction

is constantly changing; as CD.

C

10. A Surface has length and breadth, but no thickness.

D

11. A Plane is such a surface that a straight line joining

any two of its points is wholly in the surface.

12. A Solid has length, breadth, and thickness.

13. Scholium. The boundaries of solids are surfaces; of surfaces, lines; the ends of lines are points.

14. A Theorem is something to be proved.

15. A Problem is something to be done.

16. A Proposition is either a theorem or a problem.

17. A Corollary is an inference from a proposition or state

ment.

18. A Scholium is a remark appended to a proposition.

19. An Hypothesis is a supposition in the statement of a

proposition, or in the course of a demonstration.

20. An Axiom is a self-evident truth.

AXIOMS.

1. If equals are added to equals, the sums are equal.

2. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

3. If equals are multiplied by equals, the products are equal.

4. If equals are divided by equals, the quotients are equal.

5. Like powers and like roots of equals are equal.

6. The whole of a magnitude is greater than any of its parts.

7. The whole of a magnitude is equal to the sum of all its parts.

8. Magnitudes respectively equal to the same magnitude are equal to each other.

9. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. BOOK I.

ANGLES, LINES, POLYGONS.

ANGLES.

DEFINITIONS.

1. An Angle is the difference in direction of two lines.

If the lines meet, the point of meeting, B,

is called the vertex; and the lines A B, BC, B

the sides of the angle.

A

C

If there is but one angle, it can be designated by the letter at its vertex, as the angle B; but when a number of angles have the same vertex, each angle is designated by three letters, the middle letter showing the vertex, and the other two with the middle letter the sides; as the angle A В С.

2. If a straight line meets or crosses another so as to make the angles equal, each of these angles is a right angle; and the two lines are perpendicular to each other. Thus, ACD and DCB, being equal, are right an

A

gles, and AB and DC are perpendicular to each other.

3. An Acute Angle is less than a right angle; as EC В.

4. An Obtuse Angle is greater than a right A angle; as ACE.

Acute and obtuse angles are called oblique angles.

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E

B

C

5. The Complement of an angle is a right angle minus the given angle. Thus (Fig. in Art. 7), the complement of A CD is ACF - ACD=DC F.

6. The Supplement of an angle is two right angles minus the given angle. Thus (Fig. Art. 7), the supplement of A CD is (ACF+FC B) A C D = D C B.

THEOREM I.

7. The sum of all the angles formed at a point on one side of a straight line, in the same plane, is equal to two right angles.

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ACD+DCE+ECB=ACD+DCF+FCE+ECB

=ACF+FCB=two right angles.

8. Corollary 1. If only two angles are formed, each is the supplement of the other. For by the theorem,

ACD+DCB = two right angles; therefore ACD = two right angles -DCB,

or DCB=two right angles - ACD.

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9. Corollary 2. The sum of all the angles formed in a plane about a point is equal to four right angles.

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