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The preceding value is x-1, the resulting number of factors is 5, and their difference 1: hence by the rule,

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This expression not being composed of successive values, (the increment of a being generally taken in unity on account of the most frequent application of this method,) it must be reduced to such a form. We write, for this purpose, (x+1) (x+3) = (x+2) (x+3) - (x+3) each term of which is integrable by the rule; and we have

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Ex. 6. Integrate (2x+3) (2x+7); that is, (2x+5) (2x+7) -2 (2x+7).

1

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Ex. 7. Prove (1) 2 (2x+1) (2x+3)2= (6x+7) (2x-1) (2x+1) (2x+3) + с.

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24

х (х-1) + с.

(3) Σα" =

(x-1) x (2x-1) + с.

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=

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6 (3x+2) (3x+5)

Here we have, as before,

(2+1) (2+3) (2x+5)

(2x+1) (2x+3) (2x+5) (2x+3) (2x+5) (2x+1) (2x+3) (2x+5)

; then Σω, =

+ c.

x+1

-1

+ c.

2x (x+1)

-1

Ux

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+ c.

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Δα
α-1

By ΙΙ. Εx. 2, Δα* = a* (a-1); and hence a = -; whence

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For in both cases Ar is constant. When Ax = 1, we have simply,

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VIII. To find the sum of a series, whose general term is given.

:

Write n+1 for n in the general term: then the integral is the sum of the series.

....

For let the series be u1 + u2 + Из + + u = S: then u1 + u2 + U3 + + Un + Un+1 = S2+1. Hence by subtraction AS = S+1 - S = un+1; and integrating, S. = ∑un+1·

....

EXAMPLES.

Ex. 1. Find the sum of the series 1+2+3+..+ n. Here un = n, and un+1 =n+1. Hence AS, = n+1. n (n+1)

By integration S. = 2 (n+1) =

2

+ c.

To find c, which is the same value whatever n may be, put n = 0; then S = 0 also; and we have 0 = 0 + c, or c = 0. Whence the sum of the series of n

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Ex. 2. Find the sum of the series 12 + 2 + 32 +....+n2.
Here u = n2 and un+1 = (n+1)2. Whence as before

AS. = (n+1)2, and integrating, S. = 2 (n+1)2 =

the correction being found O as in the last example.

Ex. 3. Sum the series of cubes 13 + 23 +33 + ....n3.

Here AS = (n+1)3, and S„* =

n(n+1))2

2

n (n+1) (2n+1)
2.3

,

Ex. 4. Find the sum of n terms of the series 1.2 + 2.5 + 3.8 + 4.11 +.... Here the general term of the first factor of the several terms is obviously n, and the second (found by III.) is 3n-1. Hence the general term of the series

* By comparing the solutions of examples 1 and 3 we see that the sum of n terms of the cubes of the natural numbers is equal to the square of the sum of those numbers themselves.

is un = n (3n-1); and the increment or (n+1)th term is un+1 = (n+1) (3n+2) = 3n (n+1) + 2(n+1). Whence integrating, S. = n2 (n+1).

Ex. 5. Show that 12 + 32 +52 + 72 +....+(2n-1)2

=

1

Ex. 6. Find the sum of n terms of each of the following series:

(1) 1+3+5+7+....

(2.) 1+4+7+10+....

n (4n2-1).

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Ex. 7. Find the sum of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th powers of the preceding series of numbers.

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=

1

n+1

(2n+3) (2n+5) (2n+7)

1

(2n+3) (2n+5) (2n+7)-2(2n+5) (2n+7) 2(2n+3) (2n+5) (2n+7) Whence integrating un+1 and correcting, we get S =

Ex. 10. Find the sum of 21 terms of

Here un

4n+1

n(n+1)
6 (2n+3) (2n+5)

+....

5
9
13
+
+
1.2.3.4 3.4.5.6 5.6.7.8
4n+5
and un+1

=

(2n-1) 2n(2n+1) (2n+2) (2n+1) (2n+2) (2n+3) (2n+4)* Now the denominator of the function un+, not being composed of consecutive integer values of n, it must be so transformed as to answer that condition, or else into some other form which can be integrated. The latter plan is adopted here.

Put 2n + 1 = u, then 2n + 3 = u1 and 2n + 2 = v, then 2n + 4 = 0 where u1 and v1 are the next values of u and v. Δυ + Δυ + Δυ Δυ

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Au and Av in (1) and insert them in this equation, we get

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Hence integrating, restoring the values of u, v, u, v, and correcting we finally obtain the sum of the given series, viz. :

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Ex. 11. Let the several series below be summed to n terms:

1+1+1+1+1+
1+2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+

1+1+ 1 + ....

8+

....

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Ans. Generally the mth series is S. = n(n+1) (n + 2)....{n+(m-1)}*

1.2.3

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Ex. 5. Find the sum of fifteen terms of each of the following series :

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IX. The summation of series whose general term is not known. The sum is obtained from the following expression, by the insertion of the values of n and the first terms of the several orders of differences, found as in

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* The several series in this example have, in connection with each other, very remarkable properties, and have been much used in mathematical research. They are called the figurate series, or series of figurate numbers; and are thus derived from each other by successive additions. The first row is a series of units, and the others are formed in succession by adding each term of the mth row to the (m+1)th term of the (m-1)th row. The summation shows that S in the successive series is expressed by the successive terms of the expanded binomial (1+1)" or (1-1)"; though only that of the mth series is put down. See also p. 289.

Whence, adding the several vertical columns, (which are the same with the

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Ex. 1. To find the sum of n terms of 1+2+3+4....

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given series
1. first differences
00

....

second and all higher differences. Hence u1 = 1, Δα1 = 1, Δ2u1 = 0, and so on: and we have

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Ex. 3. Find the sums of 50 terms of the series in IV. Examples 2, 3, 6. It has been seen (p. 275) that an expression of the nth degree has its nth differences equal, and all the higher orders in succession become 0: but when an expression is of any other form, (as a* or log. & for instance,) the successive differences never vanish; though in many of them, these differences become very small, and the assumption of their becoming 0, leads to a very small amount of error in the final numerical result. When the sum of n terms of such a series, therefore, whose differences in successive orders become very small, is required, we are at liberty to assume those differences as actually vanishing.

Ex. 4. Required the sum of all the logarithms on the fifteen pages of Hutton's Tables, from p. 186 to p. 201, inclusive, the entire numbers being integer. Here n=3000, κ1=5, Δι1=00000435, Δι1=00000000005*. Hence S8000 =

8000.5 +

8000.7999

1.2

8000.7999.7998
1.2.3

00000000005

00000437 + = 40143.4476668; which is, probably, true to five decimal places.

X. The interpolation of series.

Let u1, U2, U3, ..... Un, be the given values of an unknown function u when equidistant values of æ are substituted, and any number, p, of them be absent: it is required to supply the absent terms, and to find the value of the function u, for any value of a intermediate between its extreme given values.

th

(200) of the interval 00000001, this being the dif

* The second difference is taken at ference at the 220th, 210, 200th, 190th, and 180th, terms: or nearly a mean of all.

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