Surfaces are divided into two classes, plane and curved surfaces.

8. A PLANE is a surface, such, that if any two of its points be joined by a straight line, that line will lie wholly in the surface.

9. A CURVED SURFACE is a surface which is neither a plane nor composed of planes.

10. A PLANE ANGLE is the amount of divergence of two lines lying in the same plane.

Thus, the amount of divergence of the lines AB and AC, is an angle. The lines AB and AC are called sides, and their common point A, is called the ver

C

A

B

tex. An angle is designated by naming its sides, or sometimes by simply naming its vertex; thus, the above is called the angle BAC, or simply, the angle A.

11. When one straight line meets another the two angles which they form are called adjacent angles. Thus, the Aangles ABD and DBC are adjacent.

12. A RIGHT ANGLE is formed by one straight line meeting another so as to make the adjacent angles equal. The first line is then said to be perpendicular to the second.

13. An OBLIQUE ANGLE is formed by

one straight line meeting another so as to make the adjacent angles unequal.

B

D

Oblique angles are subdivided into two classes, acute angles, and obtuse angles.

14. An ACUTE ANGLE is less than a

right angle

15. An OBTUSE ANGLE is greater than a right angle.

16. Two straight lines are parallel, when they lie in the same plane and cannot meet, how far soever, either way, both may be produced.

They then have the same direction.

17. A PLANE FIGURE is a portion of a plane bounded by lines, either straight or curved.

18. A POLYGON is a plane figure bounded by straight lines.

The bounding lines are called sides of the polygon. The broken line, made up of all the sides of the polygon, is called the perimeter of the polygon. The angles formed by the sides, are called angles of the polygon.

19. Polygons are classified according to the number of their sides or angles.

A Polygon of three sides is called a triangle; one of four sides, a quadrilateral; one of five sides, a pentagon; one of six sides, a hexagon ; one of seven sides, a heptagon; one of eight sides, an octagon; one of ten sides, a decagon; one of twelve sides, a dodecagon, &c.

20. An EQUILATERAL POLYGON, is one whose sides are all equal.

An EQUIANGULAR POLYGON, is one whose angles are al equal.

A REGULAR POLYGON, is one which is both equilateral and equiangular.

21. Two polygons are equilateral, or mutually equilateral, when their sides, taken in the same order, are equal, each to each that is, following their perimeters in the same

direction, the first side of the one is equal to the first side of the other, the second side of the one, to the second side of the other, and so on.

22. Two polygons are equiangular,

or mutually equi

angular, when their angles, taken in the same order, are equal, each to each.

23. A DIAGONAL of a polygon is a line joining the vertices of two angles, not consecutive.

sides on

24. A BASE of a polygon is any one of its sides which the polygon is supposed to stand.

25. Triangles may be classified with reference either to their sides, or their angles.

When classified with reference to their sides, there are two classes: scalene and isosceles.

1st. A SCALENE TRIANGLE is one which

has no two of its sides equal.

2d. An IsosCELES TRIANGLE is one which

has two of its sides equal.

When all of the sides are equal, the

triangle is EQUILATERAL.

When classified with reference to their angles, there are are two classes: right-angled and oblique-angled.

1st. A RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE is one

that has one right angle.

The side opposite the right angle, is called the hypothe

nuse.

2d. An OBLIQUE-ANGLED TRIANGLE is

one whose angles are all oblique.

If one angle of an oblique-angled triangle is obtuse, the triangle is said to be OBTUSE-ANGLED. If all of the angles are acute, the triangle is said to be ACUTE-ANGLED.

26. Quadrilaterals are classified with reference to the relative directions of their sides. There are then two classes : the first class embraces those which have no two sides parallel; the second class embraces those which have two sides parallel.

Quadrilaterals of the first class, are called trapeziums. Quadrilaterals of the second class, are divided into two species: trapezoids and parallelograms.

27. A TRAPEZOID is a quadrilateral which has only two of its sides parallel.

28. A PARALLELOGRAM is a quadrilateral which has its opposite sides parallel, two and two.

There are

and rhomboids.

two varieties of parallelograms: rectangles

1st. A RECTANGLE is a parallelogram whose angles are all right angles.

A SQUARE is an equilateral rectangle.

2d. A RHOMBOID is a parallelogram whose angles are all oblique.

A RHOMBUS is an equilateral rhomboid.

AXIOMS.

1. Things which are equal to the same thing, are equal to each other.

2. If equals be added to equals, the sums will be equal. 3. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders will be equal.

4. If equals be added to unequals, the sums will be unequal.

5. If equals be subtracted from unequals, the remainders will be unequal.

6. If equals be multiplied by equals, the products will be equal.

7. If equals be divided by equals, the quotients will be equal.

8. The whole is greater than any of its parts.

9. The whole is equal to the sum of all its parts.

10. All right angles are equal.

11. Only one straight line can be drawn can be drawn between two

points.

12. The shortest distance between any two points is measured on the straight line which joins them.

13. Through the same point, only one line can be drawn parallel to a given line.

POSTULATES.

1. A straight line can be drawn between any two points.

2. A straight line may be prolonged to any length.

3. If two lines are unequal, the length of the less may be laid off on the greater