A Treatise on Masonry Construction |
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Common terms and phrases
abutment amount arch ashlar average barrel bearing power bottom brick brick-work bridge broken stone caisson cement mortar cent center of pressure clay coffer-dam compression concrete construction cost crib crushing strength cubes cubic foot cubic yard culvert cylinder depth determined diameter driving durability earth employed end walls engineer equation excavation extrados face factor of safety feet force formula foundation friction granite gravel greater hammer headers hence horizontal increase intrados iron joints labor laid length less lime mortar limestone line of resistance load masonry material method mixed natural cement nitro-glycerine piers pipe Portland cement pounds per square pozzuolana proportion quantity quarry railroad riprap Rosendale rubble sand sandstone side soil span square inch structure sunk supporting power surface Table tensile strength thickness timber tion tons per sq usually varies vertical voids volume voussoirs weight
Popular passages
Page 90 - The sharpness of sand can be determined approximately by rubbing a few grains in the hand or by crushing it near the ear and noting if a grating sound is produced; but an examination through a small lens is better.
Page 395 - ... or even less, may be used. C should be. increased for steep side slopes, especially if the upper part of the valley has a much greater fall than the channel at the culvert.
Page 132 - STONES are those on which the arris is clearly defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away by the pitching chisel, so as to give edges that are approximately true.
Page 391 - The area of waterway required depends (1) upon the rate of rainfall; (2) the kind and condition of the soil; (3) the character and inclination of the surface; (4) the condition and inclination of the bed of the stream; (5) the shape of the area to be drained, and the position of the branches of the stream...
Page 133 - Fine-pointing is used only where the finish made by it is to be final, and never as a preparation for a final finish by another tool.
Page 217 - ... and after being driven a cap with a socket in its lower side is placed upon the pile to receive the load. Solid rolled-steel piles are driven in the same manner as timber piles, either with a hammer, machine, or water-jet.
Page 392 - The rapidity with which the water will reach the water course depends upon whether the surface is rough or smooth, steep or flat, barren or covered with vegetation, etc. (4) The rapidity with which the water will reach the culvert depends upon whether there is a well-defined and unobstructed channel, or whether the water finds its way in a broad thin sheet.
Page 126 - This should be put on in excess and brushed thoroughly back and forth upon the surface so as to insure a close contact therewith. Depositing Concrete Under Water. In laying concrete under water an essential ' requisite is that the materials shall not fall from any height through the water, but be deposited in the allotted place in a compact mass; otherwise the cement will be separated from the other ingredients and the strength of the work be seriously impaired. If the concrete is allowed to fall...
Page 92 - the sand shall be sharp" is practically a dead letter in most specifications. Sand should be screened to remove the pebbles, the fineness of the screen depending upon the kind of work in which the mortar is to be used. Every particle of the sand or " aggregate " should be -completely covered with the cement or
Page 65 - ... strong mortar or concrete it is essential that each piece of aggregate shall be entirely surrounded by the cementing material, so that no two pieces are in actual contact. Obviously, then, the finer a cement the greater surface will a given weight cover, and the more economy will there be in its use. The proper degree of fineness is reached when it becomes cheaper to use more cement in proportion to the aggregate than to pay the extra cost of additional grinding.