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The coin of Great Britain in general use is as follows: Gold, the sovereign and half-sovereign; silver, the crown, half-crown, florin, shilling, six-penny, and three-penny pieces; copper, the penny, halfpenny, and farthing.

428. Canada money is the legal currency of the Dominion of Canada.

The denominations are dollars, cents, and mills, and have the same nominal value as the corresponding denominations of U. S. Money.

The coin of the Dominion of Canada in use is as follows: Gold, the soveregn and half-sovereign; silver, the fifty-cent, twenty-five cent, ten-cent, and five-cent pieces.

429. French money is the legal currency of France, and is decimal.

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The coin of France is: Gold, 100, 40, 20, 10, and 5 franc pieces;

silver, 5, 2, and 1 franc; bronze, 10, 5, 2, and 1 franc pieces.

430. The Empire of Germany has adopted a new and uniform system of coinage.

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The coins of the New Empire are as follows: Gold, 20, 10, and 5 marks; silver, 2 and 1 mark; nickel, 10 and 5 pfennig.

431. Japan has a new and decimal system of coinage.

The unit of Japan money is the gold yen,

valued at $.997 U. S. money.

The coin of Japan embraces five gold coins, valued at $20, $10, $5, $2, and $1. Also five silver coins, valued at 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cents, respectively.

LONGITUDE AND TIME.

432. The Longitude of a place is its distance east or west from some assumed meridian.

Since the earth turns on its axis once in 24 hr., of 360°, or 15°, passes under the sun in 1 hr., and of 15°, or 15', passes under the sun in 1 min. of time, and of 15', or 15′′, passes under the sun in 1 sec. of time. Hence, the following

433. COMPARISON OF LONGITUDE AND TIME.

A diff. of 15° in longitude makes a diff. of 1 hr. in time.

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1. Since the earth revolves from west to east, time is earlier to all places west, and later to all places east of any given meridian. Thus, when it is 12 o'clock at one place, it will be past 12 o'clock at ali places east, and before 12 at all places west.

2. If one place is in east and the other in west longitude, the difference of longitude is found by adding them, and if the sum is greater than 180°, by subtracting it from 360°.

434. TABLE OF LONGITUDE FROM GREENWICH,

Albany.

as compiled from the records of the U. S. Coast Survey.

Ann Arbor..

Boston..

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Time in this country is now mostly reckoned from four meridians, known as the Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific meridians, and the standard time is named from them, as Eastern time, Central time, Mountain time, and Pacific time.

Eastern time is that of the meridian of 75° W. from Greenwich, and therefore is just 5 hours slower than London time; Central time is that of the 90th meridian, 6 hours slower than London; Mountain time, that of the 105th meridian, 7 hours slower than London; and Pacific time, that of the 120th meridian, 8 hours slower than London.

All the leading Railroads of the country have adopted these standards in operating their lines.

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

436. To find the difference of longitude between two places, when the difference of time is known.

1. When it is 9 o'clock at Washington, it is 7 min. 4 sec. past 8 o'clock at St. Louis. Find the diff. of longitude.

RULE.-Multiply the difference of time expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds by 15; the product will be the difference of longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

2. The diff. in the time of Wash. and of St. Petersburgh is 7 hr. 9 min. 191 sec. Find the diff. in their longitudes? 3. When it is 12 o'clock M. at Rochester, N. Y., it is 9 hr. 1 min. 37 sec. A. M. at San Francisco. The long. of Rochester being 77° 51′ W., what is the long. of the latter?

437. To find the difference of time between two places, when their longitudes are given.

1. Find the diff. in the time between Cincinnati and St. Paul.

RULE. Divide the difference of longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, by 15; the quotient will be the difference of time in hours, minutes, and seconds.

Find the difference in the time of * 2. Washington, and Rome. 3. Chicago, and Paris.

6. Richmond, and St. Louis.
7. New York, and Mexico.
8. Ann Arbor, and Berlin.
9. Mexico, and San Fran.

4. New Orleans and N. York. 5. Albany, and Jefferson City. 10. When it is 6 A. M. at Boston, what time is it at Cincinnati? At Chicago? At St. Louis?

11. When it is 6 P. M. at the University of Va., what time is it at Berlin? At St. Paul? At Astoria, Or.?

12. How much later does the sun rise in N. Y. than in Paris?

* Take from the Table the required longitude of the different places.

EXACT OR ACCURATE INTEREST.

438. Exact or accurate interest is computed by allowing 365 da. to the year, instead of 360 da, the latter being 5 da. or equal to less than a common year, and 6 da. equal to less than a leap year.

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For example, the exact interest of any sum for 63 da. is of the interest for 1 yr. ; but this is less than that obtained by ordinary methods. Hence,

RULE. Find the interest for years by the common method, and for days, take such part of 1 year's interest as the number of days is of 365. Or,

When the time is in months and days, and less than 1 year, find the interest by the common method, and then subtract 3 part of itself for the common year, or, if it be a leap year. Find the accurate interest of $1560 for 93 da., at 6%.

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2. Find the exact int. of $1600 for 1 yr. 3 mo. at 6%. 3. Find the exact interest of $875.60 at 7% for 63 da.

4. What is the difference between the exact interest of $648.40 at 8% for 1 yr. 3 mo. 20 da. and the interest reckoned by the 6% method?

5. Required the exact interest on three U. S. Bonds of $1000 each, at 6%, from May 1 to Oct. 15.

6. What is the exact interest on a $500 U. S. Bond, at 5%, from Nov. 1 to April 10 following?

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