Logic: ... an Introduction to the Study of Reasoning |
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Common terms and phrases
act of reasoning affirmed or denied ambiguity animal argu argument ascertained assertion assumed Cæsar called categorical propositions categorical syllogism Christianity circle clusion conclusion conditional proposition conditional syllogism connexion consequent considered conversion definition denoted deserved death disjunctive disjunctive proposition disjunctive syllogism distinct distributed drawn Duke of Wellington employed Enthymeme error evidence example expressed facts fallacy false Figure founded genus gism happy hence HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS illicit process implied Induction Inductive philosophy inference instance kind legitimate major premise major proposition major term means men are mortal ment merely middle term mind minor term miserable mises mode of reasoning Moods nature necessary negative object observation particular person philosophy predicate principles proof prove province of Logic quadruped reasoning process reduced regular syllogism respecting rules sense shew sion sophism Sophist Sorites species supposition syllogistic takes place thing tion triangle true truth tyrants universal proposition validity whole words
Popular passages
Page 37 - A circle is a plane figure contained by one line, which is called the circumference, and is such that all straight lines drawn from a certain point within the figure to the circumference, are equal to one another.
Page 125 - It must be granted that in every syllogism, considered as an argument to prove the conclusion, there is a petitio principii. When we say, All men are mortal ; Socrates is a man ; Therefore, Socrates is mortal...
Page 119 - Our object, therefore, will be to attempt a correct analysis of the intellectual process called Reasoning or Inference, and of such other mental operations as are intended to facilitate this : as well as, on the foundation of this analysis, and pari passu with it, to bring together or frame a set of rules or canons for testing the sufficiency of any given evidence to prove any given proposition.
Page 108 - Achilles run ten times as fast as the tortoise, yet if the tortoise has the start, Achilles will never overtake him. For suppose them to be at first separated by an interval of a thousand feet: when Achilles has run these thousand feet, the tortoise will have got on a hundred; when Achilles has run those hundred, the tortoise will have run ten, and so on for ever: therefore Achilles may run for ever without overtaking the tortoise. Now, the *
Page 121 - Not only may we reason from particulars to particulars without passing through generals, but we perpetually do so reason. All our earliest inferences are of this nature. From the first dawn of intelligence we draw inferences, but years elapse before we learn the use of general language. The child, who, having burned his fingers, avoids to thrust them again into the fire, has reasoned or inferred, though he has never thought of the general maxim, Fire burns.
Page 121 - He knows from memory that he has been burnt, and on this evidence believes, when he sees a candle, that if he puts his finger into the flame of it, he will be burnt again. He believes this in every case which happens to arise; but without looking, in each instance, beyond the present case. He is not generalizing; he is inferring a particular from particulars. In the same way, also, brutes reason.
Page 118 - Logic, then, is the science of the operations of the understanding which are subservient to the estimation of evidence: both the process itself of proceeding from known truths to unknown, and all other intellectual operations in so far as auxiliary to this.
Page 122 - In so far as belief professes to be founded on proof, the office of logic is to supply a test for ascertaining whether or not the belief is well grounded.