By this weight are weighed Gold, Silver, and Jewels. of god is nearly £4 an ounce, or 2d a grain; and that of silver is nearly 5s an ounce. angam taty of god is to the same weight of standard silver, nearly as 15 to 1, or more nearly 6th to 1. १. Pay god, tree from mixture with other metals, usually called fine gold, is of such purity of nature, endure the fire without wasting, though it be kept continually melted. But silver, not parity of good, will not endure the fire like it: yet fine silver will waste but a very little tag in the fire any moderate time; whereas copper, tin, lead, &c, will not only waste, but may var sand of burnt to a powder. hera god and viver, in their purity, are so very soft and flexible (like new lend, &c.) that they are Surf en used, either in ruin or other vise, (except to beat into leaf gold or silver) as when they are dwt, er mixed and hardened with copper or brass. And though most dations differ more or less the of such alloy, as well as in the same place at different times, yet in England the stan god and viver coin has been for a long time as follows, viz, That 22 parts of fine gold, and 2 d raper, being melted together, shall be esteemed the true standard for gold coin: And that li - 3 pennyweights of fine ulver, and 18 pennyweights of copper, being meited together, is true standard for silver coin, called Sterling silver. of sả we, his used in England, was a grain or corn of wheat, gathered out of the The ear, and being well dried, S2 of them were to make one pennyweight, 20 pennyweights ~, and 18 venres one pound. But in later times, it was thought sufficient to divide the same right ato 36 equal parts, still called grains, being the least weight now in common use; and i hense the rest are computed, as in the Table, abu res 2. Divide 7014596 by 72. Ans. 97424 3. Divide 5130652 by 132. 4. Divide 83016572 by 240. Ans. 38868, Ans. 345902 IV. Common Division may be performed more concisely, by omitting several products, and setting down only the remainders; namely, multiply divisor by the quotient figures as before, and, without setting down the prod subtract each figure of it from the dividend, as it is produced; always rem bering to carry as many to the next figure as were borrowed before. REDUCTION is the changing of numbers from one name or denominat another, without altering their value. This is chiefly concerned in re money, weights, and measures. When the numbers are to be reduced from a higher name to a lower called Reduction Descending; but when, contrariwise, from a lower nam higher, it is Reduction Ascending. Before proceeding to the rules and questions of Reduction, it will be to set down the usual Tables of money, weights, and measures, which below: OF MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. *£ denotes pounds, a shillings and d denotes pence. denotes 1 farthing, or one quarter of any thing. The full weight and value of the English gold and silver coin, is as here belo SILVER. Value. Weig 010 6 2 164 Quarter-guinea 0 5 3 1 81 3 T 2137 1 Pound lb. 24 Grains make 1 Pennyweight dwt. 20 Pennyweights 1 Ounce 12 Ounces 5760 240 = 12 =} By this weight are weighed Gold, Silver, and Jewels. The usual value of gold is nearly £4 an ounce, or 2d a grain; and that of silver is nearly 5s an ounce. Also, any quantity of gold is to the same weight of standard silver, nearly as 15 to 1, or more nearly as 15 and 1-14th to 1. Pure gold, free from mixture with other metals, usually called fine gold, is of such purity of nature, that it will endure the fire without wasting, though it be kept continually melted. But silver, not having the purity of gold, will not endure the fire like it: yet fine silver will waste but a very little by being in the fire any moderate time; whereas copper, tin, lead, &c, will not only waste, but may be calcined or burnt to a powder. Both gold and silver, in their purity, are so very soft and flexible (like new lead, &c.) that they are ret so useful either in coin or other vise, (except to beat into leaf gold or silver) as when they are alloyed, or mixed and hardened with copper or brass. And though most nations differ more or less In the quantity of such alloy, as well as in the same place at different times, yet in England the stan dard for gold and silver coin has been for a long time as follows, viz, That 22 parts of fine gold, and 2 parts of copper, being melted together, shall be esteemed the true standard for gold coin: And that 11 ounces and 2 pennyweights of fine silver, and 18 pennyweights of copper, being melted together, is esteemed the true standard for silver coin, called Sterling silver. ⚫ The original of all weights used in England, was a grain or corn of wheat, gathered out of the middle of the ear, and being well dried, 32 of them were to make one pennyweight, 20 pennyweights one ounce, and 12 ounces one pound. But in later times, it was thought sufficient to divide the same pennyweight into 24 equal parts, still called grains, being the least weight now in common use; and from thence the rest are computed, as in the Tabies above. B This is the same as Troy weight, only having some different divisions Apothecaries make use of this weight in compounding their medicines; but they buy and sell their drugs by Avoirdupois weight. 573440 = 35840 = 2240 = 80 = 20 = 1 By this Weight, are weighed all things of a coarse or drossy nature, as Corn, Bread, Butter, Cheese, Flesh, Grocery Wares, and some Liquids; also all Metals except Silver and Gold 6272640 = 43560 = 4840 = 160 = 4 = 1 By this measure, Land, Husbandmen and Gardeners work are measured ; also Artificers works, such as Board, Glass, Pavements, Plastering, Wainscotting, Tiling, Flooring, and every dimension of length and breadth only. When three dimensions are concerned, namely, length, breadth, and depth or thickness, it is called cubic or solid measure, which is used to measure Timber, Stone, &c. The cubic or solid Foot, which is 12 inches in length and breadth and thickness, contains 1728 cubic or solid inches, and 27 solid feet make one solid yard. 5120 = 640 = 320 = 80 = 10 = 2 == 1 By this are measured all dry wares, as Corn, Seeds, Roots, Fruits, Salt, Coals, Sand, Oysters, &c. The standard Gallon dry-measure contains 2684 cubic or solid inches, and the Corn or Winchester Bushel 2150 cubic inches; for the dimensions of the Winchester bushel, by the Statute, are 8 inches deep, and 18 inches wide or in diameter. But the Coal bushel must be 191⁄2 inches in diameter; and 36 bushels, heaped up, make a London chaldron of coals, the weight of which is 3136 lb Avoirdupois. |