91 quatre-vingt-onze, etc. 1,000,000,000,000,000 un quadrillion, etc. Observations: (1) Quatre-vingts and cents (plural of cent) take no s (a) if followed by another numeral, or (b) if used as an ordinal number: page deux cent quatre-vingt. (2) Mille, thousand, never takes s; but mille, mile, does : dix mille, ten thousand; dix milles, ten miles. (3) Notice the different notation of billion, trillion, etc., in the two languages. (b) ORDINAL NUMBERS. 1st Le premier homme. The first man. La première année. The first year. Les premiers hommes. The first men. Les premières années. 2nd Le second volume. Le deuxième étage. 3rd Le troisième mois. 4th le (la) quatrième. 5th le (la) cinquième. The 2nd volume. La deuxième série. 29 years. The 2nd series. The 2nd time. La troisième partie. The 3rd part. le (la) vingt-et-unième. le (la) vingt-deuxième, etc. le (la) trentième. 21st 22nd le (la) centième. le (la) millième. (c) FRENCH CARDINAL NUMBERS USED INSTEAD OF ORDINAL. In speaking of the days of the month or Sovereigns (except the first): as, Le premier janvier. The 1st of Jany. Le deux février. The 2nd of February. Le trois mars. Le quatre avril. Le cinq mai. Le six juin. The 3rd of March. The 4th of April. The 5th of May. Le huit juillet. The 8th of July. François premier, Francis the First; Henri deux (second), Henry II. Louis quartorze, Louis the Fourteenth. Exceptionally:-Charles-quint, Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany; and Sixte-quint, Pope Sixtus the Fifth. Observation.-In speaking of the pages, chapters, etc., of a book, we may say: chapitre dix, chapitre dixième, or, le dixième chapitre. (d) DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING DIMENSIONS: Ce mur est haut de dix pieds. Ce mur a dix pieds de haut. Ce mur a dix pieds de hauteur. Ce mur a une hauteur de dix pieds. Un mur de cinq mètres de haut. Il est plus grand que moi d'un pouce. Un garnison forte de douze mille hommes. Observation. -Dans cette sanglante bataille, il y eut cinq mille hommes de tués et dix mille de blessés. (e) Fractional Numerals. This wall is ten feet high. } A wall five yards high. This court-yard is twenty metres long This kingdom is three hundred leagues men In this murderous battle there were five thousand men killed and ten thousand wounded. (Comp. § 118.) un demi,* le double, double, un tiers, le triple, treble, trois fois, thrice, un quart, le quadruple, four- quatre fois, un cinquième, le quintuple, cinq fois, (h) Collective Numerals. The following only are used:une huitaine, about eight. une dixaine, about ten. une douzaine, a dozen. une quinzaine, about 15. une vingtaine, a score. une trentaine, about 30. une quarantaine, about 40. une cinquantaine, about 50. une soixantaine, about 60. une centaine, about 100. un millier, about 1000. 26 SECOND CHAPTER. PRONOUNS. A. CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. General Rule.-A personal Pronoun in the Objective case is placed before its Verb, except in the Imperative used affirmatively: as, Acc. Ses amis Nom. Acc. Ses amies Dat. Sa mère Nom. Acc. Le maître Nom. 2d Person. Tu aimes tes amis. te répond par écrit. I deceive no one. Thou lovest thy friends. She replies to thee in writing. 3d Person, Masculine, referring to a person. Il raconte une histoire. le respectent. He is relating a story. His friends respect him. lui raconte une anecdote. They relate an anecdote to him. 3d Person, Feminine, referring to a person. Elle te pardonnera. la félicitent. lui donna un baiser. She will forgive thee. Her friends congratulate her. PLURAL: 1st Person. Nous louons l'écolier. 2d Person. Nom. Acc. We praise the pupil. The master often praises us. You learn the lesson. Your cousins will follow you. 3d Person: Masculine and Feminine. Leur maître les estime. Dat. Leurs parents leur écriront. Il1 (elle) est très utile. They esteem him. Their master esteems them. It is very useful. 3d Person, Masculine or Feminine, referring to a thing (sometimes to a person). 1 Referring to, say, le travail, or la leçon; so plur., ils, elles, y, en. 2 The Genitive referring to a Person is supplied by the Disjunctive Personal Pronoun: de moi, de toi, de lui d'elle; de nous, de vous, d'eux, d'elles. 27 THE VARIOUS USES OF y, en, AND neutral le :— Y, there, thither, to it, at it, is used with reference to Antecedents denoting things :— (1) Instead of là referring to a place mentioned before; as, (2) Instead of à lui, à elle; à eux, à elles; as, Avez-vous répondu à sa lettre? J'y ai répondu il y a huit jours. Renoncez-y! Have you replied to his letter?— I replied to it a week ago. Renounce (to) it! (3) Instead of à ceci, à cela, with reference to a preceding clause or 28 En, hence; of it; from it; some, any; is used with reference to Antecedents denoting things: (1) Instead of de là, from there, hence, to denote the starting-point; as, Viens-tu de Londres ? Oui, j'en viens, mais j'y retournerai dans quinze jours. Are you coming from London ?— Yes, I am coming from there, but I shall return there in a fortnight. (2) Instead of de lui, d'elle, of it; d'eux, d'elles, of them, etc., with Verbs and Adjectives requiring de before their complement; as, Est-il content de son sort ?— Il en est content. Qu'en dites-vous ? Je n'en sais rien. Is he satisfied with his fate?— He is satisfied with it. What do you say about it?— I don't know anything about it. (3) Instead of de ceci, de cela, of this, of that, referring to a phrase of sentence mentioned before; as, Il fut trompé sans qu'il s'en aperçût. Vous vous en répentirez. He was deceived without being aware of it. You will repent of it. (4) Instead of du, de la, des, some, any, of them, referring to a Noun Antecedent used in a partitive sense; as, A-t-il de l'argent ?—Oui, il en a. Avez-vous des plumes ?— J'en ai de très bonnes. Has he any money?—Yes, he has (some). Have you any pens?— Yes, I have some very good ones. 29 En voici une meilleure. Je vous en donnerai une autre. Combien d'églises y a-t-il ici ?— Il y en a sept. Prenez-en un peu. N'en prenez pas. Here is a better one (of them). (5) Instead of pour cela, pour cette raison, for that, on that account; as, Je l'en estime davantage. I esteem him the more for it (i.e. on that account). Le, the predicative form of the 3d Person of the Personal Pronoun— (1) takes the Gender and Number of its Antecedent, if this Antecedent is a Noun used definitely; as, But (2) remains unchanged, if its Antecedent is an Adjective, a Noun used Adjectively, or a whole sentence: as, |