(b) answering to the English of, or to Case (see § 5-6). -'s, sign of the Possessive (1) After Nouns; (2) Adjectives or Adverbs; and (3) Verbs: as, L'amour d'une mère est inaltérable A mother's love is unalterable. (Subj. Gen.) L'amour du gain est une passion Greed of gain is a passion. (Obj. Gen.) Le titre de roi (Descript. Gen.) La science du bien et du mal (Object. Digne de confiance. Parler de la guerre. The title of king. A glass of wine. The knowledge of good and evil. Worthy of confidence. To repent of one's fault. (c) answering to an English Adjective (see § 120-121): Les vins de France (Gen. of quality). La porte du jardin. Une montre d'or. French wines. The garden gate. A gold watch. (d) answering to the English some or any, expressed or understood (see § 8). Donnez-moi du pain (de bon pain). Avez-vous de la chance? Non, je n'ai pas de chance. Give me some bread (good bread). No, I have not any (no) chance. (e) answering to the English for, after (1) Nouns, (2) Adjectives, or (3) Verbs: as, Le respect des autels (Object. Gen.) Il est reconnaissant de vos bontés. Sauter de joie. Respect for altars. He is grateful for your kindness. To jump for joy. In Adv. Phrases: de crainte de, for fear of; de longtemps, for a long time (past). (f) answering to the English with, especially after Adjectives and Verbs expressing an affection of the mind, or fulness and its contraries (see § 136): Il est ivre de bonheur. He is intoxicated with happiness. Les rivières sont remplies de poisson. The rivers are filled with fish. On le couvrit de honte. (g) answering to the English by, action in the Passive Voice; Il est honoré de ses concitoyens. Il est plus grand de trois pouces. He trembled with rage. They covered him with shame. especially after Verbs denoting mental as, He is honoured by his citizens. He is taller by three inches. In Adv. Phrases: de jour, de nuit, de beaucoup; by day, by night, by far. 88 (h) answering to the English on (or off), especially after Verbs of playing, feeding; as, Jouer de la harpe. Vivre de légumes. Etre de service. To play on the harp. To live on vegetables. To be on duty. In Adv. Phrases: de ce côté, on this side; de ma part, on my part. (i) answering to the English in :— L'homme le plus savant de la ville. Sain de corps et d'esprit. The most learned man in the town. In Adv. Phrases: De cette manière, in this manner; d'un air maussade, sulkily; jamais de ma vie, never in my life. à: (for a systematic treatment of à as the sign of the Dative Case, and answering to the Lat. ab and ad, see Synt. § 129). (a) answering to the English to (Indir. Object. see § 130, a): Il donne son bien aux pauvres. Avez-vous répondu à sa lettre ? He gives all he has to the poor. Have you replied to his letter? (b) answering to the English to, at, in (compl. of Intrans. Verbs and Ad jectives, § 134): Ils vont à Paris. Le palais appartient au roi. La copie est conforme à l'original. Il est (va) à l'école. La vache est à l'écurie. Jouer aux cartes. They are going to Paris. The palace belongs to the king. The copy is conformable to the original. The cow is in the stable. To play at cards. (c) answering to the English from after Verbs of taking, asking, etc. (see § 130, b): On a pris la montre à cet homme. They have taken the man's watch from him. (d) answering to the English for, to denote duty, office, etc. :— C'est à lui d'agir. It is for him to act. (e) answering to other Prepositions in numerous adverbial Phrases :— à genoux; à cheval; à pied. à la mode; à la française. à sa demarche; au poids. à midi; à ces mots. on the knees; on horseback; on foot. in fashion; in the French fashion. by his gait; by weight. at noon; at these words. (f) before Nouns used adjectively to qualify other Nouns (see § 16, b, 3):— La boîte aux lettres. The letter-box. 89 Dans and en (in, inside, at), compared : Dans in a determinate sense, (with a determinate adj.) :— En in a general sense, (without a determinate adj.):— (a) With regard to place, answering to the question where? as, Dans la France méridionale. In Southern France. Dans notre voyage. Dans sa fureur il ne ménagea rien. (b) With regard to time, answering Cela arriva dans la même année. That happened in the same year. Je finirai ce travail dans quinze jours. I shall finish this work within a fortnight. Dans huit jours. In a week. Dans, in, inside, within : Le parc du Régent est dans Londres (dans la ville de L.). Regent's Park is inside London. Dans la maison il y a une cuisine. Il demeure en France. He lives in France. Ils sont en voyage. They are on a journey. Ces tribus sont toujours en guerre. Il passa toute sa vie en prison. Tell it him in secret. Le taureau harcelé entra en fureur. The goaded bull became furious. to the question when? how long? as, Victor Hugo est né en 1802. Victor Hugo was born in 1802. Je finirai ce travail en quinze jours. It will take me a fortnight to complete this work. [week. D'aujourd'hui en huit jours. To-day A, at, in, present at :— Mon ami est-il à Londres ?—Il n'est plus à la ville, il est à la campagne. Is my friend in L.?—He is no longer in town; he is in the country. Est-il à la maison ? Is he at home? Le poète Gilbert mourut à l'hôpital. The poet Gilbert died in a hospital. The other Prepositions 90 Avant, before, with regard to time or order :- Je me lève avant six heures. I rise before six o'clock. Je le désire avant tout. I desire it before everything. compared :— Devant, before, with regard to La fontaine est devant l'hôtel. Go straight before you. Après, after (time or order) : Il arriva après nous. He arrived after us. Entre, between, among: Soit dit entre nous. Be it said between ourselves. Sur, on, upon, over, from Le château est bâti sur le rocher. The castle is built on the rock. The army is on foot. De-dessus, from the top of: Enlevez la poussière de-dessus ces livres. Remove the dust from these books. Au-dessous (de), dessous, below, beneath, under :— J'ai cherché dessus et dessous le lit. Cet emploi est au-dessous de lui. Par-dessous, under, underneath :— Contre, against, contrary to :Marchons contre l'ennemi. Let us march against the enemy. Cela est contre son habitude. That is contrary to his habit. Which way?—This way. Voici, here is, here are:- the tax collectors). Nous voici quatre. Now there are four of us. Voici de quoi se composait son bagage. This is what his luggage consisted of. Auprès de, near, with, to :— La rivière passe auprès de cette ville. The river flows near that town. Il a libre accès auprès du prince. He has free access to the prince. Votre mal n'est rien auprès du sien. Your complaint is nothing to his. Il m'a noirci auprès du ministre. He has traduced me in the opinion of the minister. Dès, from = to start from:· A travers; au travers de, across, athwart, through : Ils allèrent à travers (les) champs. Through the window-panes. Je vois clair au travers de tout cela. I can see through all that. Voilà, there is, there are:- There he comes. There! some one is ringing. Du pain et du lait, voilà son déjeuner de tous les jours. Bread and milk, that is his breakfast every day. |