9. Repeat the Table of Sterling Money.

10. How many farthings in 2 pence?

11. How many farthings in 12 pence?

Give the process.

12. How many pence in 2 shillings?

Give the process.

13. How many farthings in 2 shillings?

Give the process.

14. How many farthings in 20 shillings? Give the process.

15. How are pence reduced to farthings? 16. How are shillings reduced to pence?

17. How are shillings reduced to farthings?

Овѕ. Denomination means kind, sort. Shillings, pence, and farthings are said to be of different denominations. Shillings are of a denomination higher than pence, and pence are higher than farthings; for a penny, or any number of pence, is of more value than a farthing or an equal number of farthings. Reducing higher denominations to lower, is called Reduction Descending. Reducing lower denominations to higher, is called Reduction Ascending.

18. How many shillings in 4 pounds?

19. How are pounds reduced to shillings?

20. Reducing pounds to shillings is what kind of reduction?

21. How, then, is Reduction Descending performed ?

LESSON EIGHTEENΤΗ.

QUEST. 1.-How many pence in 12 farthings?

If in 4 farthings there is 1 penny, in twelve farthings there would be as many pence as 4 is contained times in 12, which is 3; therefore, in 12 farthings there are 3 pence.

2. How many pence are there in 48 farthings?

Give the process.

3. Reducing farthings to pence is what kind of reduction?

4. How is Reduction Ascending performed ?

5. How are farthings reduced to pence?

6. How many shillings in 24 pence?

Give the process.

7. Repeat the Table of Troy Weight.

8. How many grains make 4 pennyweights?

Give the process.

02.

lb.

9. Which is the higher denomination, pennyweights or

grains?

10. How many pennyweights in 48 grains ?

11. How are grains reduced to pennyweights?

12. How many ounces in 40 pennyweights ?

13. How many pennyweights in 12 ounces ?

TABLE IV. AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

16 drams, dr. make

1 ounce,

1 pound,

1 quarter,

oz.

lb.

qr.

1 hundred weight, cwt.

14. Repeat the Table of Avoirdupois Weight. 15. How many pounds make 1 quarter?

16. How many drams make 16 ounces ?

Give the process.

17. How many quarters make 20 cwt.?
18. How many quarters in 56 pounds?
19. How many tons in 40 hundred weight?
Give the process.

QUEST. 1.-Repeat the Table of Cloth Measure.

2. How many inches make 4 nails ?

3. How many inches make 4 quarters ?

Give the process.

4. How many quarters make an ell English ?

5. How many quarters make an all French ?

6. How many yards in 32 nails ?

Give the process.

2 pipes

66

8. Repeat the Table of Wine Measure.

9. How many gills make 2 pints ?

10. How many pints in 16 gills? Give the process.

11. How many gills in 4 quarts?
12. How many quarts in 32 pints?
Give the process.

13. How many gallons in 2 pipes ?
14. How many gallons in a hogshead?
15. How many hogsheads in a tun?

16. How many barrels in a tun?

17. How many tuns in 16 barrels ?

18. To what kind of reduction does this question belong?

4 pecks

66

1 quart,

qt.

1 peck,

pk.

1 bushel, bush.

QUEST. 1. Repeat the Table of Dry Measure.

2. How many pints in 8 quarts?

Give the process.

3. How many pints in 4 pecks?

4. How many pecks in 16 pints ?

Give the process.

5. Which is the higher denomination, pecks or pints ?

How do you know?

6. How many bushels in 32 pints ?

Give the process.

For the explanation of the foregoing tables, see Part II.

7. Repeat the Table of Time Measure.

8. How many seconds in 60 minutes?

9. How many minutes in 24 hours?

10. How many hours in 120 minutes?

Give the process.

11. How many days in 48 hours ?

12. How many weeks in 28 days?

13. To what kind of reduction does the foregoing question belong?

How do you know?

The common year consists of 365 days and 6 hours nearly. For the 6 hours, another day is added to February every 4 years, making 29 days in that month, and 366 in the year. This year is called Bissextile, or Leap Year. To know whether the year is common or leap year, divide it by 4, and if nothing remain, it is leap year; but if 1, 2, or 3 remain, it is first, second, or third year after leap year.

The year is divided into twelve months, called calendar months, because they are the months used in calendars or registers.

There is another division of the year, made by the revolution of the moon round the earth. This year, called the lunar year, consists of 13 months, called lunar months.

The year is also divided into four parts of three months each, called the four seasons.

The names of the months in each of the seasons are as follows :