A Manual of the Principles and Practice of Road-making: Comprising the Location, Consruction, and Improvement of Roads (common, Macadam, Paved, Plank, Etc.) and Rail-roads |
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Common terms and phrases
advantage amount ascent bank barrow bâtir bottom broken stone calculation carriage carts catchwater cent centre chords clinometer construction cost cubic yard culvert curve deep degree of curvature depth descent desired direction ditches draw employed engineer Excavation and Embankment expense feet foot formed Franklin Institute friction Gayffier given grade gravity greatest slope ground height hill hole Holyhead horizontal horse improvement inches inclination increased intersection king-post labor laid layers length less lessen level line line of greatest load masonry material ment method miles oblique obtained pass paved pavement perpendicular plank plough portion powder proper proportion quincunx radius resistance retaining walls ridge right angles Roads of earth rock runs side side-slopes soft matter soil specific gravity spoil-banks station steep straight edge straight line streams surface tangent tangent lines thalweg thickness timbers tion usually valleys versed sine vertical wheels width
Popular passages
Page 122 - Neither should the ruts be filled with field stones; they will not wear uniformly with the rest of the road, but will produce hard ridges. Trees and close hedges should not be allowed within 200 feet of a clay road. It requires all the sun and wind possible to keep its surface in a dry and hard condition.
Page 135 - All the irregularities of the upper part of the said pavement are to be broken off by the hammer, and all the interstices are to be filled with stone chips, firmly wedged or packed by hand with a light hammer, so that when the whole pavement is finished, there shall be a convexity of four inches in the breadth of fifteen feet from the centre.
Page 80 - To prevent all disputes and litigation, it is further agreed by and between the parties to this contract, that the Engineer shall in all cases determine the amount or the quantity of the several kinds of work which are to be paid for under this contract, and...
Page 4 - Upon hard macadamized, and upon paved roads, the traction increases with the velocity : the increments of traction being directly proportional to the increments of velocity above the velocity 3-28 feet per second, or about 2£ miles per hour.
Page 125 - He earnestly advocates the principle that the whole science of artificial road-making consists in making a solid dry path on the natural soil, and then keeping it dry by a durable water-proof coating. " The broken stone is only to preserve the under road from moisture, and not at all to support the vehicles, the weight of which must be really borne by the native soil, which, while preserved dry, will carry any weight, and does in fact carry the stone road itself as well as the carriages upon it."...
Page 171 - That, in the commercial case of the transport of goods, we believe the narrow gauge to possess the greater convenience, and to be the more suited to the general traffic of the country.
Page 135 - Upon the level bed prepared for the road materials, a bottom course, or layer of stones, is to be set by hand, in form of a close firm pavement ; the stones set in the middle of the road are to be 7 inches in depth ; at 9 feet from the centre, 5 inches ; at 12 feet from the centre, 4 inches ; and at 15 feet, 3 inches.