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BOOK I

LINES AND RECTILINEAR FIGURES

PRELIMINARY THEOREMS

46. All right angles are equal.

For all straight angles are equal (Ax. 15), and halves of equals are equal (Ax. 8).

47. At a given point in a given line only one perpendicular can be drawn to the line.

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49. Supplements of the same angle or of equal angles

angles are equal.

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51. If two adjacent angles are supplementary, their

exterior sides are in the same straight line.

Their exterior sides form a straight angle (36), and hence lie in a straight line (25).

52. The sum of all the angles Aabout a point in a plane is equal to two straight angles.

C

D

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Ex. 74. In the annexed diagram, if ABC is a straight line, and 3 is the supplement of 22, why is ∠ 1 = ∠3?

Ex. 75. If in the annexed diagram, AB⊥ BC, A'B'B'C', and Z3 = ∠4, prove 21 = 22.

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Ex. 76. If AB 1 CD and 21 = 22, prove 23 =24.

Ex. 77. If ∠ABC is a right angle, and LA is

the complement of 21, prove ∠A = 22.

Ex. 78. If ABC is a st. 2, 21 = 22, and 43 and 4 are rt. 4, prove that 25 = 26.

Ex. 79. If AB and CD are straight lines and 42 and 6 are right angles, prove that ∠3 = 25.

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Ex. 80. In the annexed diagram, if AB is a straight line, and 22 = ∠3, prove that 21 = 24.

3 4

B

Ex. 81. If 21 is the supplement of 22, and 23

2

3

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A

2

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54. Every proof consists of a number of statements, each of which is supported by a definite reason. The only admissible reasons are: a previously proved proposition; an axiom; a definition; or the hypothesis.

Ex. 82. In the diagram for the preceding proposition find ∠1 (a) if ∠3 = 40°, (b) if ∠3 = m°.

Ex. 83. Three straight lines, AD, BE, and CF, meet in O, forming

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(h) If ∠AOC = 140°, and COE = 120°, find BOD.

Ex. 84. In the same diagram prove that

(a) ∠b + ∠c = ∠AOE.

(b) ∠FOB - Z c = ∠ a.

(c) FOB Zf = ∠ d.

(d) ∠f+ ∠b + ∠ d = 180°.

(e) ∠AOC + ∠ BOD + ∠ COE = 360°.

(f) AOC + COE EOA = 2(∠a).

(g) If ∠f = ∠e, then Zb = ∠ c.

* Ex. 85. In the same diagram

(a) If ∠AOC = 150°, and COE = 130°, find ∠a.

(b) If FOB = 140°, and ∠AOC = 125°, find ∠d.

(c) If ∠AOE + BOC = 140°, and ∠c = 40°, find Ze.

(d) If FOB = FOD, prove that 2f = ∠ e.

(e) Prove that reflex ∠AOE + reflex Z BOF + reflex ∠ COA = 720°.

55. DEF. A polygon is a portion of a plane bounded by straight lines. The lines are called the sides. The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of all its sides.

The angles included by the adjacent sides are the angles of the polygon, and their vertices are the vertices of the polygon. An exterior angle is formed by a side and the prolongation of an adjacent one. A diagonal is a straight line joining two non-adjacent vertices.

A

2

D

E

B

* Exercises denoted by (*) are difficult and may be omitted in a first reading.

C

Thus ABCDE is a polygon of five sides, AB and BC are sides, A is an angle, point B is a vertex, and AC is a diagonal of the polygon. 21 and 2 are exterior angles of the polygon.

56. DEF. A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides.

TRIANGLES - PART I

57. A triangle is a polygon of three sides.

58. Triangles classified as to sides. A scalene triangle is a triangle no two sides of which are equal.

An isosceles triangle is a triangle two sides of which are equal.

An equilateral triangle is a triangle all sides of which are equal.

SCALENE

EQUILATERAL

ISOSCELES

59. Triangles classified as to angles. A right triangle is a triangle one angle of which is a right angle.

An obtuse triangle is a triangle one angle of which is an obtuse angle.

An acute triangle is a triangle all angles of which are acute. An equiangular triangle is a triangle all angles of which are equal.

RIGHT

OBTUSE

ACUTE

EQUIANGULAR

60. DEF. The base of a triangle is the side on wl

figure appears to stand.

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