Vapours foul

Dash on the mountains brow, and shake the woods

That grumbling wave below. Thomson's Winter. * GRUMBLER. n. f. [from grumble.] One that grumbles; a murmurer; a difcontented man.The half-pence are good half-pence, and I will stand by it: if I by it': if I made them of filver, it would be the fame thing to the grumbler. Swift.

* GRUMBLING. n. f. [from grumble.] Amurmuring through difcontent; a grudge.

I have serv'd

(2.) GRUMMEL, See LITHOSPERMUM.

(1.) * GRUMOUS. adj. [from grume.] Thick; clotted. The blood, when let, was black, grumous, the red part without a due confiftence, the ferum faline, and of a yellowish green. Arbuthnot.

(2.) GRUMOUS BLOOD, by its viscidity and stagnating in the capillary veffels, produces diforders. * GRUMOUSNESS. n. /. [from grumous.] Thickness of a coagulated liquor.-The caufe may be referred either to the coagulation of the ferum, or grumousness of the blood. Wiseman.

(1.) GRUNBERG, a town in Upper Heffe, ro miles E. of Greissen, and 28 W. of Fulda. The French kings of the Merovingian race, and Charlemagne, held their courts in it.

(2.) GRUNBERG, a town of Silefia, in Glogau, furrounded with vineyards; 12 miles N. of Freystadt, and 24 NW. of Great Glogau. It has a manufacture of cloth.

GRUND, or a town of Brunswick, in the GRUNDE, Hartz Forest, 12 miles SW. of

Goflar. Lon. 13. 35. E. Lat. 52. 10. N.

GRUNDEL SEE, a lake of Germany, in Stiria. (1.) GRUNDLBACH, a river of Franconia, runs into the Rednitz, 3 miles S. of Erlang.

(2.) GRUNDLBACH, a town of Franconia, in Nuremberg, 4 miles S. of Erlang, and 6 N. of Nuremberg.

GRUNER, John Frederic, an eminent German author, born at Coburg, in 1723. He published, x. Miscellanea Sacra: 2. An introduction to Roman Antiquities: 3. Critical Remarks on the Claffics: and, 4. A new edition of Cœlius Sedulius, with commentaries. He died in 1778.

GRUNFELD. See GRUNSFELD.

GRUNHAYN, a town of Saxony, in Erzgeburg, 15 miles S. of Chemnitz, and 46 WSW. of Dresden.

(1.) GRUNINGEN, a town of Switzerland, capital of a ci-devant bailiwic, in Zurich: 12 miles E. of Zurich. It has a caftle on a rock, which has an extensive prospect. Lon. 8.43. E. Lat. 47.14. N. (2.) GRUNINGEN, a town of Germany, in Halberstadt, on the Boden, miles E. of Halber. stadt. Lon. 11. 41. E. Lat. 52. 4. N. GRUN-SEE, a lake of Bavaria.

* GRUNSEL. n. f. [More usually groundfil, unless Milton intended to preferve the Sax. grund.]

いいいい!

Never came one

From hence were heard The grunts of briftled boars, and groans of bears. And herds of howling wolves. Dryden's An. (2.) GRUNT, in geography, a town of Auftria, near Gundersdorf.

* To GRUNT. To GRUNTLE. v. n. [grunnio, Latin.] To murmur like a hog.

And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar, and burn,

turn.

Like horfe, hound, hog, bear, fire at every Shakespeare. Lament, ye swine! in gruntings spend your grief;

For you, like me, have lost your fole relief. Gay. Thy brinded boars may flumber undismay'd, Or grunt fecure beneath the chesnut shade. Tickel. The fcolding quean to louder notes doth rife, To her full pipes the grunting hog replies; The grunting hogs alarm the neighbours round. Swift.

* GRUNTER. n. f. [from grunt.] 1. He that grunts. 1. A kind of fish. [χρομις.]

*

hog.

GRUNTLING. n. f. [from grunt.] A young

GRUPPO, or TURNED SHAKE, a mufical grace, defined by Playford to confift in the alternate prolation of two tones in juxtaposition to each other, with a close on the note immediately beneath the lower of them.

(1.) GRUS, in antiquity, a dance performed yearly by the young Athenians around the temple of Apollo, on the day of the Delia. The motions and figures of this dance were very intricate, and variously interwoven; fome of them being intended to express the windings of the labyrinth where. in the Minotaur was killed by Thefeus.

(2.) GRUS, in astronomy, a southern conftellation, not vifible in our latitude. The number of stars in this conftellation, according to Mr Sharpe's Catalogue, is 13.

(3.) GRUS, in ornithology. See ARDEA, N 5. * GRUTCH. n. 1. [from the verb.). Malice;

ill-will

:

Tuffer's Husb.

But what we're born for we must bear,

Our frail condition it is such,

That what to all may happen here,

If't chance to me I must not grutch. Ben. Jons. GRUTER, James, a learned philologer, and one of the most laborious writers of his time, was born at Antwerp in 1560. He was but a child when his father and mother, being perfecuted for the Proteftant religion by the duchess of Parma, governefs nefs of the Netherlands, carried him into England. He imbibed the elements of learning from his mother, who was one of the most learned women of the age, and besides French, Italian, and English, was a complete mistress of Latin, and well skilled in Greek. He studied at Cambridge, afterwards at Leyden, and at last applied himself wholly to polite literature. After travelling much he became profeffor in the university of Heidelburgh; ; near which city he died lied 1627. He wrote many works; the principal are, 1. A large collection of ancient infcriptions. 2. The faurus criticus. 3. Delicia poetarum Gallorum, Italorum, & Belgarum, Sc.

GRUTLIN, a plain of Switzerland, near the Lake of the Four Cantons, in the canton of Uri, famous for being the scene of the Association of the 3 first cantons, in defence of their liberty, A. D. 1307.

GRUYERES, a town, and formerly county GRUYERS, or and bailiwic of Switzerland, GRUYIRES, in the canton of Friburg, famous for cheese; which is exported to a considerable amount to France, Germany, and Italy. A dangerous infurrection broke out here in 1781, which threatened the destruction of the city of Friburg, before it was quelled by the affistance of troops from Bern. It lies 15 miles S. of Friburg. Lon. 7. 23. E. Lat. 46. 35. Ν.

GRUYNINGEN, a town of Holland, in the dept. of the Meuse, and ci-devant prov. of Zealand, and in the ifle of S. Beveland.

(1) * GRY. n. f. [re] Any thing of little value; as the paring of the nails. Dia.

1

(2.) GRY, a measure containing one tenth of a line. A line is one-tenth of a digit, and a digit one-tenth of a foot, and a philofophical foot onethird of a pendulum, whose diadromes, or vibrations, in the latitude of 45 degrees, are each equal to one second of time, or one both of a minute.

(1.) GRYLLUS, the son of Xenophon, who flew the celebrated Theban general EPAMINONDAS, and was killed himself at the battle of Mantinea, A. A. C. 363. Xenophon, who was sacrificing, when he heard of his death, instantly threw off his garland, but upon being farther informed, that his fon had flain the enemy's general, immediately replaced it.

(II.) GRYLLUS, in entomology, a genus of insects,

general characters are these: The head is inflected, armed with jaws, and furnished with palpi: The antennæ in some of the species are setaceous, in others filiform; the wings are deflected towards and wrapped round the fides of the body; the under ones are folded up, so as to be concealed under the elytra. All the feet are armed with two nails; and the hind ones are formed for leaping. The genus is subdivided into five different sections, or families; viz. the Acride, Bulla, Acheta, Tettigonie, and Locusta. All the GRYLLI, except the Acride, which devour other infects, live upon plants. The Achete feed chiefly upon the roots; the Tettigonie and Locuste upon the leaves.

I. GRYLLI ACHETE are diftinguished by two briftles, fituated above the extremity of their abdomen; by having 3 stemmata; and by the tarfi being composed of 3 articulations. This family is in many places called Cricket, on account of the found which the insect makes. There are 28 fpecies enumerated in the new edition of the Systema Nature; of which the most remarkable are the following:

i. 1. GRYLLUS ACHETA CAMPESTRIS, the Field Gryllus, and the DOMESTICUS (N° 2.), are only varieties of the same species, differing only in colour and habits; the latter being paler coloured, and having more of a yellow cast, and the former more of a brown. The antennæ are as flender as a thread, and nearly equal to the body in length. The head is large, and round, with 2 large eyes, and 3 smaller ones of a light yellow colour, placed higher on the edge of the depreffion, from the centre of which originate the antennæ; the thorax is broad and short. In the males, the elytra are longer than the body, veined, as it were rumpled on the upper part, crossed one over the other, and enfolding part of the abdomen, with a projecting angle on the fides; they have also at their base a pale-coloured band. In the females, the elytra leave one-third of the abdomen, uncovered, and scarcely cross each other; and they are all over of one colour, veined and not rumpled: nor do they wrap round fo much of the abdomen underneath. The female, moreover, carries at the extremity of its body a hard spine, almost as long as the abdomen, thicker at the end, composed of two sheaths, which encompass two lamine: this implement serves the infect to fink and depofit its eggs in the ground. Both the male and female have two pointed foft appendices at the extremity of the abdomen. Their hinder feet are much larger and longer than the rest, and serve them for leaping. Towards funset is the time the field gryllus, or CRICKET, likes best to appear out of his fubterraneous habitation. In White's Natural History of Selbourne, (Letter 46.) a very pleasing account is given of the manners and economy of these insects; which, however, "are so shy and cautious, (he observes), that it is no easy matter to get a fight of them; for, feeling a perfon's footsteps as he advances, they stop short in the midft of their fong, and ong and re tire backward nimbly into their burrows, where they lurk till all fufpicion of danger is over. At first it was attempted to dig them out with a spade, but

but without any great fuccess; for either the bot. tom of the hole was inaccessible from its terminating under a great stone; or else, in breaking up the ground, the poor infect was inadvertently squeezed to death. Out of one so bruised a multitude of eggs were taken, which were long and narrow, of a yellow colour, and covered with a very tough skin. More gentle means were then ufed, and proved fuccefsful: a pliant stalk of grass, gently infinuated into the caverns, will probe their windings to the bottom, and quickly bring out the inhabitant; and thus the humane inquirer may gratify his curiofity without injuring the object of it. It is remarkable, that though these infects are furnished with long legs behind, and brawny thighs for leaping, like grafs-hoppers; yet when driven from their holes they show no activity, but crawl along in a shiftless manner, fo as eafily to be taken and again, though provided with a curious apparatus of wings, yet they never exert them when there seems to be the greatest occafion. The males only make that shrilling noise, perhaps out of rivalry and emulation, as is the cafe with many animals which exert some fprightly note during their breeding time: it is raised by a brisk friction of one wing against the ing against other. They are folitary beings, living singly male or female, but there must be a time when the fexes have fome intercourse, and then the wings may be useful perhaps during night. When the males meet they fight fiercely, as our author found by fome which he put into the crevices of a dry stone wall, where he wanted to have made them fettle. For though they seemed distreffed by being taken out of their knowledge, yet the first that got pof. feffion of the chinks would seize on any that were obtruded upon them with a vast row of ferrated fangs. With their strong jaws, toothed like the shears of a lobster's claws, they perforate and round their curious regular cells, having no fore claws to dig, like the mole cricket. When taken in the hand, they never offered to defend themselves, though armed with fuch formidable weapons. Of fuch herbs as grow before the mouths of their burrows they eat indiscriminately; and on a little platform,

they make just by, they drop their dung; and never, in the day time, seem to ftir more than two or three inches from home. Sitting in the entrance of their caverns, they chirp all night as well as day from the middle of May to the middle of July: in hot wea, ther, when they are most vigorous, they make the hills echo; and in the ftiller hours of darkness, may be heard at a confiderable distance. In the beginning of the season their notes are more faint and inward; but become louder as the summer advances, and so die away again by degrees, The shrilling of the field cricket, though sharp and stridulous, yet delights some hearers, filling their minds with ideas of every thing that is rural, and joyous, About the roth of March, the crickets appear at the mouths of their cells, which they then open and shape very elegantly. All that I have seen at that season were in their pupa

ever

ftate, and had only the rudiments of of wings, lying under a skin or coat, which must be caft before the infect can arrive at its perfect state; from whence I should suppose that the old ones of last

year do not always survive the winter. In Auguft their holes begin to be obliterated, and the infects are seen no more till spring. Not many fum, mers ago I endeavoured to transplant a colony to the terrace in my garden, by boring deep holes in the sloping turf. The new inhabitants staid some time, and fed and fung; but wandered away by degrees, and were heard at a farther distance every morning, so that it appears, that on this emer. gency they made use of their wings in attempting to return to the spot from which they were taken. One of these crickets, when confined in a paper cage and set in the sun, and supplied with plants moistened with water, will feed and thrive, and become so merry and loud as to be irksome in the fame room where a person is fitting: if the plants are not wetted, it will die."

2. GRYLLUS ACHETA DOMESTICUS, the Do mestic, or Hearth cricket, does not require to be fought after abroad for examination, nor is thy like the other sort: it resides altogether within our dwellings, intruding itself upon our notice whether we incline or not. It delights in new built houses; being, like the spider, pleased with the moisture of the walls. The foftness of the mortar enables them to burrow and mine between the joints of the bricks or ftones, and to open communication from one room to another. They are particularly fond of kitchens and bakers ovens, on account of their perpetual warmth, "Ten der infects, (says Mr Whyte), that live abroad, either enjoy only the short period of one fummer, or else dose away the cold uncomfortable months in profound slumbers; but these, refiding as it were in a torrid zone, are always alert and merry: a good Christmas fire is to them like the heat of the dog-days. Though they are frequently heard by day, yet is their natural time of motion only in the night. As soon as it grows duik, the chuping increases, and they come running forth, and are from the size of a flea to that of their full sta, ture. As one should suppose, from the burning atmosphere which they inhabit, they are a thirsty race, and show a great propenfity for liquids, being found frequently drowned in pans of water, milk, broth, or the like. Whatever is moift they affect; and therefore often gnaw holes in wet woollen stockings and aprons that are hung to the fire. These crickets are not only very thirsty, but very voracious; for they will eat the scummings of pots, yeast, salt, and crumbs of bread, and any kitchen offal and sweepings. In the summer we have observed them to fly, when it became dusk, out of the windows, and over the neighbouring roofs. This feat of activity accounts for the fud. den manner in which they often leave their haunts, as it does for the method by which they come to houses where they were not known before. It is remarkable, that many forts of infects seem never to use their wings but when they have a mind, to shift their quarters and settle new colonies. When in the air they move " volatu undoso," in waves or curves, like wood-peckers, opening and shutting their wings at every stroke, and so are always rifing or finking. When they increase to a great degree, as they did once in the house where I am now writing, they become noisome pests, flying into the candles, and dashing into people's faces;

but

ii. GRYLLUS ACHETA Gryllotalpa, the mole cricket, is of a very unpleasant form. Its head, in proportion to the fize of its body, is fmall and oblong, with 4 long thick palpi, and 2 long antennæ as flender as threads. Behind the antennæ are fituated the eyes, and between those two eyes are feen three stemmata or lesser eyes, amounting to 5 in all, fet in one line transversely. The thorax forms a kind of cuirass, oblong, almost cylindrical, which appears as it were vel. vetty. The elytra, which are short, reach but to the middle of the abdomen, are croffed one over the other, and have large black or brown nervous fibres. The wings terminate in a point, longer not only than the elytra, but even than the abdomen. This latter is soft, and ends in two points or appendices of some length. But what conftitutes the chief fingularity of this insect is its fore-feet, that are very large and flat, with broad legs, ending outwardly in a large ferrated claws, and inwardly in 2 only; between which claws is fituated, and often concealed, the tarfus. The whole animal is of a brown dusky colour. It haunts moist meadows, and frequents the fides of ponds and banks of streams, performing all its functions in a swampy wet foil. With a pair of fore-feet curioufly adapted to the purpose, it burrows and works under ground like the mole, raifing a ridge as it proceeds, but seldom throwing up hillocks. As mole crickets often infest gardens by the fides of canals, they are unwelcome guests to the gardener, raising up ridges in their fubterraneous progress, and rendering the walks unfightly. If they take to the kitchen quarters, they occafion great damage among the plants and roots, by destroying whole beds of cabbages, young legumes, and flowers. When dug out, they feem very flow and helpless, and make no use of their wings by day; but at night they come abroad, and make long excursions. In fine weather, about the middle of April, at the close of day, they begin to folace themselves with a low, dull, jarring note, continued for a long time without interruption, and not unlike the chattering of the fern owl, or goat-fucker, but more inward. About the beginning of May they lay their eggs, as Mr White informs us, who was once an eyewitness: "for a gardener at an house where he was on a vifit, happening to be mowing on the 6th of that month, by the side of a canal, his Scythe struck too deep, pared off a large piece of

*

kind of X. Moreover, between the claws that terminate the feet, there are small spunges, but larger in this species than the rest. This species is to be met with every-where in the country. The larvæ or caterpillars very much resemble the perfect infects, and commonly dwell under ground." Of this tribe 118 other species are enumerated in the Systema Naturæ, natives of different parts of the globe; besides a confiderable number, which it is not yet ascertained, whether they are distinct species, or only synonymes, or varieties of fome of the others. The distinction of Locusfts into families, (as characterised in § IV. v.) is extremely proper; and the difference of organisation, on which it is founded, has been observed to be adapted to the mode and the places in which the insects lay their eggs. But by taking the wings into confideration, there might have

been formed three tribes or divisions instead of two, upon the same natural foundation. Thus, according to the observation of the Abbé Pouet, (in his Journal de Physique for 1787, p. 224.) those which have their abdomen furnished with the tube or dart above mentioned, lay their eggs in a stiff fort of earth which that inftrument perforates. During the operation, the dart opens; and being hollow and grooved on each fide within, the egg flides down along the grooves, and is deposited in the hole: Of those which have the tales fimple, d. e. which have no dart, fome have long wings, and fome very fhort. The long-winged fort lay their eggs on the bare ground, and have no use for a perforating inftrument; but they cover them with a glutinous substance, which fixes them to the foil, and prevents their being injured either by wind or wetness. Those, again, which have short wings, depofit their eggs in the sand; and to make the holes for this purpose, they have the power of elongating and retracting their abdominal rings, and can turn their body as on a pivot; in which operation long wings would have been a material impediment. The annals of most warm countries are filled with accounts of the devastations produced by locufts, which sometimes appear in clouds of vast extent. They feldom vifit Europe in fuch swarms as formerly, yet in the warmer parts of it they are still formidable. Those which have at uncertain intervals visited Europe are sup-, posed to have come from Africa; they are a large species about three inches long. The head and horns are of a brownith colour; they are blue about the mouth, and on the inside of the larger legs. The shield which covers the back is green. ith; and the upper fide of the body brown, spotted black, and the under fide purple. The upper wings are brown with small dufky spots, and one larger spot at the lips. The under wings are more transparent, and of a light brown tinctured with green, but there is a dark cloud of spots near the tips. These infects are bred in the warmer parts of Afia and Africa, from whence they have often taken their flight into Europe, where they committed terrible devastations. They multiply fafter than any other animal in the creation, and are truly terrible in the countries where they breed. Some of them were seen in different parts of Britain in 1748, and great mischiefs were apprehended; but happily for us, the coldness of

2

our climate, and the humidity of our foil, are very unfavourable to their production; so that, as they are only animals of a year's continuance, they all perished without leaving a young generation to fucceed them. When the locufts take their flight, it is faid they have a leader at their head, whose flight they observe, and pay a strict regard to all his motions. They appear at distance, like a black cloud, which, as it approaches, gathers upon the horizon, and almoft hides the light of day. It often happens, that the husbandman sees this imminent calamity pass away without doing him any mischief; and the whole swarm proceeds onward to fettle upon some less fortunate country. In thofe places, however, where they alight, they destroy every green thing, stripping the trees of their leaves, as well as devouring the corn and grafs. In the tropical

climates they are not so pernicions, as in the more fouthern parts of Europe. In the first, the power of vegetation is so strong, than an interval of three or four days repairs the damage, but in Europe this cannot be done till next year. Befides, in their long flights to this part of the world, they are famished by the length of their journey, and are therefore more voracious wherever they happen to fettle. But as much damage is occafioned by what they destroy, as by what they devour. Their bite is thought to contaminate the plant, and either to destroy or greatly to weaken its vegetation. To use the expression of the hufbandmen, they burn wherever they touch, and leave the marks of their devastation for 3 or 4 years thereafter. When dead, they infect the air in fuch a manner that the stench is unsupportable. Orofius tells us, that in the year of the world 3800, Africa was infested with a multitude of locufts. After having eaten up every thing that was green, they flew off and were drowned in the fea; where they caused such a stench as could not have been equalled by the putrefying carcasses of 100,000 men. In the year 1650, a cloud of locufts was seen to enter Ruffia in three different places; and from thence they spread themselves over Poland and Lithuania in such aftonishing multitudes, that the air was darkened and the earth covered with their numbers. In fome places they were seen lying dead, heaped upon each other to the depth of four feet; in others, they covered the surface like a black cloth; the trees bent with their weight, and the damage which the country sustained ex.. ceeded computation. In Barbary, their numbers. were formidable; and Dr Shaw was a witness of their devastations there in 1724. Their first appearance was in the end of March, when the wind had been foutherly for fome time. In the begin ning of April, their numbers were so vastly increafed, that, in the heat of the day, they formed themselves into large swarms that appeared like clouds, and darkened the fun. In the middle of May they began to disappear, retiring into the plains to depofit their eggs. In June the young brood began to make their appearance, forming many compact bodies of feveral hundred yards square; which, afterwards marching forward, climbed the trees, walls, and houses, eating every thing that was green in their way. The inhabitants, to flop their progrefs, laid trenches all over