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159. The gold dollar, weighing 25.8, is the unit of U. S. money; dimes, cents, and mills are fractions of a dollar, and are separated from the dollar by the decimal point.

Thus, $2.125 = two dollars one dime two cents five mills.

Dimes are not read as dimes, but the two places of dimes and cents are appropriated to cents; thus, 1 dollar 3 dimes 2 cents, or $1.32, is read one dollar thirty-two cents; hence,

When the number of cents is less than 10, we write a cipher before it in the place of dimes.

The half-cent is frequently written as 5 mills; thus, 24 cents, written $.245.

Business men frequently write cents as common fractions of a dollar; thus, three dollars thirteen cents are written $3,1%, and read, three and thirteen hundredths dollars. In business transactions, when the final result of a computation contains 5 mills or more, these mills are regarded as one cent, and when it contains less than 5 mills, they are rejected.

160. By examining the table, we see that the dime is a tenth part of the unit, or dollar; the cent a tenth part of the dime, or a hundredth part of the dollar; and the mill a tenth part of the cent, etc.

Hence we see that the denominations of decimal currency increase and decrease in the same way as decimal fractions, and are expressed according to the same decimal system of notation. They are therefore added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided in the same manner as decimals.

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1. Four dollars five cents. 4. Eight dollars seven mills. 2. Two dollars nine cents. 5. Sixty-four cents.

3. Ten dollars ten cents. 6. Three cents two mills.

7. Read $5.272; $100.025; $17.005.

8. Read $16.205; $215.081; $1000.011; $4.002.

REDUCTION.

161. By examining the table of Decimal Currency, we see that 10 mills make one cent, and 100 cents, or 1000 mills, make one dollar; hence,

RULE. I. To change dollars to cents, multiply by 100; that is, annex two ciphers.

II. To change dollars to mills, annex three ciphers.
III. To change cents to mills, annex one cipher.

EXAMPLES.

1. Change $792 to cents.
2. Change $36 to cents.
3. Reduce $5248 to cents.
4. Change $6.25 to cents

Ans. 79200 cents.

Ans. 625 cents.

To change dollars and cents to cents, or dollars, cents, and mills to mills,

remove the decimal point and the sign, $.

5. Change $63.045 to mills. 6. Change 16 cents to mills. 7. Reduce $3.008 to mills. 8. Change 89 cents to mills.

162. Conversely,

RULE.

Ans. 63045 mills.

I. To change cents to dollars, divide by 100; that is, point off two figures from the right.

II. To change mills to dollars, point off three figures. III. To change mills to cents, point off one figure.

1. Change 875 cents to dollars. 2. Change 1504 cents to dollars.

Ans. $8.75.

3. In 13875 cents how many dollars are there? 4. In 16525 mills how many dollars are there?

5. Reduce 524 mills to cents.

6. Reduce 6524 mills to dollars.

7. Reduce $77.09 to cents.

ADDITION.

EXAMPLES.

163. 1. A man bought a cow for $21.50, a horse for $125.37, a harness for $46.75, and a carriage for $210. How much did he pay for all?

OPERATION.

$21.50
125.375

46.75
210.00

Ans. $403.625

SOLUTION. Writing dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc., so that the decimal points stand under one another, we add and point off as in addition of decimals.

RULE. I. Write dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc.

II. Add as in simple numbers, and place the point in the amount as in addition of decimals.

2. What is the sum of 50 dollars 7 cents, 1000 dollars 75 cents, 60 dollars 3 mills, 18 cents 4 mills, 1 dollar 1 cent, and 25 dollars 45 cents 8 mills? Ans. $1137.475.

3. Add 364 dollars 54 cents 1 mill, 486 dollars 6 cents, 93 dollars 9 mills, 1742 dollars 80 cents, 3 dollars 27 cents 6 mills. Ans. $2689.686.

4. Add 92 cents, 10 cents 4 mills, 35 cents 7 mills, 18 cents 6 mills, 44 cents 4 mills, 12 cents, and 99 cents. 5. A lady bought a dress for 9 dollars 17 cents, trimmings for 87 cents, a paper of pins for 64 cents, some tape for 4 cents, some thread for 8 cents, and a comb for 11 cents. What did she pay for all? Ans. $10.3375.

6. A farmer receives $89.74 for wheat, $13.03 for corn, $6.37 for potatoes, and $19.62 for oats. What does he receive for the whole? Ans. $128.77.

7. I bought a ton of coal for $6.08, a barrel of sugar for $26.625, a box of tea for $16, and a barrel of flour for $7.40. What was the cost of all?

164. 1. for a horse.

OPERATION.

$327.50

186.75

Ans. $140.75

SUBTRACTION.

EXAMPLES.

A man, having $327.50, paid out $186.75
How much had he left?

SOLUTION.

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Writing the less number under the greater, dollars under dollars, cents under cents, etc., we subtract and point off in the result as in subtraction of decimals.

RULE. I. Write the subtrahend under the minuend, dollars under dollars, cents under cents.

II. Subtract as in simple numbers, and place the point in the remainder, as in subtraction of decimals.

2. From 365 dollars 5 mills take 267 dollars 1 cent 8

mills.

3. From 50 dollars take 50 cents.

4. From 100 dollars take 1 mill.

Ans. $97.987.

Ans. $49.50.

Ans. $99.999.

5. From 1000 dollars take 3 cents 7 mills.

6. A man bought a farm for $1575.24, and sold it for $1834.16.

What did he gain?

Ans. $258.92. 7. I sold a horse for 145 dollars 27 cents, which is 37 dollars 69 cents more than he cost me. What did he cost me ?

8. A merchant bought flour for $5.621⁄2 a barrel, and sold it for $ 6.84 a barrel. What did he gain on a barrel ? 9. A man, having $14725, gave $3560 for a store, and $7015.87 for goods. How much money had he left?

10. A lady bought a silk dress for $133, a bonnet for $51, a pair of gaiters for $13, and a fan for $7; she gave the shopkeeper a twenty dollar bill and a five dollar bill. How much change should he return to her? Ans. $3.75.

Reduce the fractions of a dollar to cents and mills.

MULTIPLICATION.

EXAMPLES.

165. 1. If a barrel of flour costs $6.375, what will

85 barrels cost?

OPERATION.

$6.375
85

31875

51000

Ans. $541.875

SOLUTION. We multiply as in simple numbers, always regarding the multiplier as an abstract number, and point off from the right hand of the result, as in multiplication of decimals.

RULE. Multiply as in simple numbers, and place the point in the product, as in multiplication of decimals.

2. If a cord of wood is worth $4.275, what will 300 cords be worth? Ans. $1282.50. 3. What will 175 barrels of apples cost, at $2.45 per barrel? Ans. $428.75. 4. What will 800 barrels of salt cost, at $1.28 per barrel?

5. A grocer bought 372 pounds of cheese at $.15 a pound, 434 pounds of coffee at $.12 a pound, and 16 bushels of potatoes at $.33 a bushel. What did the whole cost?

6. A boy, being sent to purchase groceries, bought 3 pounds of tea at 56 cents a pound, 15 pounds of rice at 7 cents a pound, 27 pounds of sugar at 8 cents a pound; he gave the grocer 5 dollars. How much change ought he to receive?

7. A farmer sold 125 bushels of oats at $.37 a bushel, and received in payment 75 pounds of sugar at $.09 a pound, 12 pounds of tea at $.60 a pound, and the remainder in cash. How much cash did he receive? Ans. $32.924.

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