The Autonomy of Science: An Historical and Comparative Analysis

Academy of Sciences achievement acquired agency American Chemical Society American science areas autonomy basic research business corporations central China Chinese science policy Communist comparatively concept concerning context countries Cultural Revolution Deng Xiaoping disciplines distinction economic educational Edward Shils effects emergence European civilization example federal freedom funds Galileo Gang of Four genetics Germany governmental human research human subjects ideas ideological important institutions involved Laura Fermi limited linguistics Lysenko major manual labor ment modern science National Science Foundation natural nevertheless nuclear physics organization organizational particular political potential premodern primarily production pure science radical regime relevant Robert Gilpin Russian science and technology science policy science system scientific activity scientific community scientific knowledge scientific progress scientific research Scientific Revolution scientists seventeenth century situation Soviet science Soviet Union specialized Stalin support for science theory tific tion traditional United University Press USSR USSR Academy York Zhores Medvedev